Summary

懸濁液中の網膜色素上皮細胞を送達するげっ歯類における網膜下注射の実行

Published: January 23, 2015
doi:

Summary

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

Abstract

電気インパルスへの光の変換は、網膜の外側で発生し、桿体および錐体光受容体および網膜色素上皮(RPE)細胞によって主に達成される。 RPEは、光受容体と死亡またはRPE細胞の機能障害、加齢黄斑変性症(AMD)、人々の年齢55歳以上で永久的な失明の主要な原因の特徴であるための重要なサポートを提供します。 AMDの治療法は同定されていないが、罹患した眼における健康RPEの移植が有効な治療であることを証明することができ、RPE細胞の多数は容易に多能性幹細胞から生成することができる。 RPE細胞送達の安全性および有効性に関するいくつかの興味深い問題は、依然として動物モデルにおいて試験することができ、RPEを注入するために使用される広く受け入れられたプロトコルが開発されている。ここに記載された技術は、様々な研究に複数のグループによって使用されており、最初の鋭い針で目に穴を作成することを含む。ブルーレイとシリンジ細胞を装填した針が穴を通って挿入され、それは穏やかにRPEに接触するまで、硝子体を通過するのnt。比較的単純であり、最小限の設備を必要とするこの注入法を用いて、動物モデルにおける光受容体変性のかなりの量を防止するホストRPEとの間に幹細胞由来のRPE細胞の一貫性のある効率的な統合を達成する。実際のプロトコルの一部ではないが、我々はまた、注射によって誘導外傷の程度を決定する方法について説明し、どのように細胞は、生体内の画像診断法使用して網膜下腔に注入したことを確認します。最後に、このプロトコルの使用は、RPE細胞に限定されるものではない。それが網膜下腔への任意の化合物又は細胞を注入するために使用することができる。

Introduction

The sensory retina is organized in functional tiers of neurons, glia, and endothelial cells. Photoreceptors at the back of the retina are activated by light; through phototransduction they convert photons into electrical signals that are refined by interneurons and transmitted to the visual cortex in the brain. Phototransduction cannot occur without the coordinated efforts of Mueller glia and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE are organized in a monolayer directly behind the photoreceptors and perform multiple and diverse functions integral to photoreceptor function and homeostasis. In fact, RPE and photoreceptors are so co-dependent that they are considered to be one functional unit. Death or dysfunction of RPE results in devastating secondary effects on photoreceptors and is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly1,2.

While no cure has been discovered for AMD, several clinical studies have shown that RPE cell replacement may be a promising therapeutic option3-13. With the advent of stem cell technology, it is now possible to generate large numbers of RPE cells in vitro from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hES and hiPS) that strongly resemble their somatic counterparts functionally and anatomically14-26. Stem cell-derived RPE have also been shown to function in vivo by multiple independent groups, including our own, to significantly slow retinal degeneration in rat and mouse lines with spontaneous retinal degeneration16,18,21,22,25,28,29. This combination of clinical and preclinical supporting evidence is so compelling that several clinical trials to prevent retinal degeneration using stem cell-derived RPE cells are now ongoing30,31.

RPE can be readily derived from hES and/or hiPS and implanted in the subretinal space of rodents using various derivation and injection techniques32,33. (See Westenskow et al. for a methods paper in multimedia format demonstrating the directed differentiation protocol we employ)34. There are critical remaining questions regarding the safety, survival, and functional capacity of exogenously delivered RPE cells upon implantation, therefore the ability to perform subretinal injections in rodents is a critical skill16,18,21,29,36,37. The delivery of RPE is not trivial, and the field is divided on the most effective injection technique. The protocol we describe here is a simple and effective way to deliver of bolus of RPE cells subretinally, and was used in the first clinical trial for stem cell-derived RPE transplantation31. (The reader may also refer to another JoVE article by Eberle et al. for an alternative depiction of subretinal injections in rodents.38)

The technique outlined in this manuscript cannot be visualized and trauma is unavoidable (as with any subretinal injection technique). It is performed by making a hole just under the limbus vessels and inserting a blunt needle along a transscleral route to inject a bolus of cells under the diametrically opposed retina. The person doing the injection will feel resistance as the blunt needle touches the retina. The cells may be directly visualized after the injection, however, and the degree of the induced retinal detachment can be determined by labeling the RPE cells with a transient fluorescent marker and detecting them with a confocal scanning ophthalmoscope (cSLO). An optical coherence tomography (OCT) system can also be used to monitor the trauma and easily identify the injection site.

Protocol

注:すべての動物は、スクリップス研究所によって確立倫理指針に従って処理した。 注射用材料の作製(〜20分) 前加温細胞解離溶液(好ましくは血清を、希釈によって不活性化されているもの)、滅菌PBS、および培養培地( 表1)。 それを分解し、15分間水で部品を沸騰させることによりブラントニードル付きシリンジを…

Representative Results

我々は、この原稿に記載された技術を使用して迅速かつ一貫してげっ歯類の網膜下腔へのRPE細胞の懸濁液を提供することができます。必須ではありませんが、外傷が大幅に図1A&Bでマイクロマニピュレーターで示した設定を使用して最小限に抑えることができます。一時的な眼球突出については、図1(c)に示すように齧歯類を持ってください。マイクロマニピュレ?…

Discussion

この記事では、ラットおよびマウス中に懸濁したRPE細胞の網膜下注射を実行するための比較的簡単な方法を記載する。プロトコルは、学習が容易で技術に多くの経験が( 図3;これは、より良い注射のうちの1つを表す)より少ない外傷に翻訳し、マイクロマニピュレーターが( 図1A)を使用している場合は特に。任意の外傷CSLOおよびOCTシステム( 図2)利…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Alison Dorsey for helping to develop the subretinal injection technique. We also acknowledge the National Eye Institute (NEI grants EY11254 and EY021416), California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM grant TR1-01219), and the Lowy Medical Research Institute (LMRI) for very generous funding for this project.

Materials

Name of Material/ Equipment (A-Z) Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM) Gibco  21985-023 50 mL x 1 
Cell Scapers VWR 89260-222 Case x 1
CellTracker Green CMFDA Molecular Probes C34552 50 ug x 20
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium Gibco 14190-144 500 mL x 1 
Fast Green Sigma-Aldrich F7258 25 g x 1 
Genteal Geldrops Moderate to Severe Lubricant Eye Drops  Walmart 4060941 25 mL x 1
Hamilton Model 62 RN SYR Hamilton 87942 Syringe x 1 
Hamilton Needle 33 gauge, 0.5", point 3 (304 stainless steel) Hamilton 7803-05 Needles x 6
Knockout DMEM Gibco 10829-018 500 mL x 1 
KnockOut Serum Replacement Gibco 10828-028 500 mL x 1 
L-Glutamine 200 mM Gibco 25030-081 100 mL x 1
Magnetic Stand Leica Biosystems 39430216 Stand x 1
MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution 100X  Gibco 11140-050 100 mL x 1
Micromanipulator Leica Biosystems 3943001 Manipulator x 1
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) Gibco 15140-122 100 mL x 1
Slip Tip Syringes without Needles BD  (3 mL)   VWR BD309656 Pack x 1
Specialty-Use Needles BD  (30 gauge, 1") VWR BD305128 Box x 1
TrypLE Express Enzyme (1X), no phenol red Gibco 12604013 100 mL x 1

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Cite This Article
Westenskow, P. D., Kurihara, T., Bravo, S., Feitelberg, D., Sedillo, Z. A., Aguilar, E., Friedlander, M. Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension. J. Vis. Exp. (95), e52247, doi:10.3791/52247 (2015).

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