Summary

铸造协议的开孔泡沫铝通过复制技术的生产和孔隙率的影响

Published: December 11, 2014
doi:

Summary

Replication is one of the processing techniques used for the production of porous metal sponges. In this paper one implementation of the method for the production of open celled porous aluminum is shown in detail.

Abstract

金属泡沫是从两个基本理解和实际应用的角度来看感兴趣的材料。用途已被提出,并在许多情况下实验验证,对于轻重量或冲击能量吸收结构中,作为高表面积的换热器或电极,如植入到体内,等等。尽管很大的进步已取得理解它们的结构,性能的关系,大量不同的处理技术,各有不同的特点和结构,生产材料,意味着结构的各个方面的个人的影响的理解是不完整的。在复制过程中,在那里熔融金属颗粒可移除预成型件材料之间渗透,允许控制的一个显着高的程度,并已被使用,效果良好澄清一些这些关系。然而,该方法具有许多步骤,这取决于个人“诀窍”,并本文的目的是提供1该处理方法的实施例的各个阶段的详细描述,使用的材料和设备,这将是相对容易设置在一个研究环境。这个协议及其变体的目标是生产金属泡沫以有效和简单的方法,使通过修改过程中的某些步骤,以调节样品的结果的可能性。按照此,开孔泡沫铝与1-2.36毫米直径和61%至77%的孔隙率的孔尺寸可制得。

Introduction

金属泡沫体已经吸引了大量的关注和努力研究,近年来,如图由大体工作的引用范围广泛的综述文章,如Banhart 1,孔德 2个或更多最近古德尔和莫滕森3。在用于生产所述材料的方法中,在复制过程是通过它的实验的简单性和控制权,可以提供的最终泡沫结构的程度区分。应当指出的是,虽然在文献中这样的材料通常被描述为泡沫(和在此),因为它们不是由气体的气泡产生内的液体它们更恰当地称为多孔金属或微孔金属。

复制过程的第一份报告是在60年代初4,它已得到了进一步的发展,在从那以后的不同阶段,由研究小组莫滕森的显着进展,在巴黎高等利达hnique洛桑联邦在瑞士。

该过程依赖于金属的周围颗粒的预型件,它定义在最终材料中的孔隙的形状的铸件2,5。冷却后的预成型件可通过溶剂浸出或热解被除去,导致氧化。一种流行的使用这种技术利用的NaCl作为空间保持器,以产生铝5-10或铝合金泡沫11-14。氯化钠有几个优点,例如是容易获得的,无毒,可从该泡沫通过溶解在水中除去。由具有801℃的熔点,它可以使用具有熔点低于此值时,最常用的铝低的金属可以使用,但实施例也存在使用的材料,如金属玻璃,通过加湿的混合液体钯基大块金属玻璃合金和NaCl颗粒15。所述的NaCl替代具有较高熔点的材料也允许在production从较高熔点的金属16的泡沫。这可能包括其他水溶性材料,或不溶性的人包括不同类型的沙子。在这种形式的过程变得更象普通的砂型铸造,以去除沙,高压水射流17,18或不同形式的洗涤19或搅动20顷必需的。

的基本过程21前进通过取晶粒NaCl和将它们放置在一个模具4,22,23,其基本方法已经用于制造铝及铝合金泡沫24-26为广泛的泡沫行为的调查。额外的步骤已被引入,以进一步控制密度和增加的孔的互联;这些包括预成型体的致密化。致密的预成形件,烧结已使用27,2813自已用于在不同的实验中,用的烧结行为氯化钠基于由古德尔 29中所述的温度,颗粒大小和密度。用于此目的的另一种方法是冷等静压(CIP),5,30;这是一个快的技术,可以实现相当的密度较大的光谱。该过程也可在固态与金属粉末和NaCl颗粒进行,然后有时被称为烧结和溶解过程31。

使用复制技术更新,并与其他技术比较的完整的调查给出了古道尔和莫滕森3。

在这项工作中,我们报告了详细的设备和已用于金属泡沫体的处理由复制方法,该方法的实验方案都比较容易在一个研究实验室的设置来实现。重要的是要认识到其他版本的设备是很重要的,与在其他研究克存在不同的功能roups,并且,虽然这里介绍的设备适用于处理该材料,它不是唯一的版本或协议,可以进行工作。在任何情况下,彻底了解任何特定方法是用于实验的成功至关重要。

所使用的确切协议详述如下。该协议变形(A,B,C和D)在它们之间具有小的变化,主要是为了改变所产生的泡沫体的密度。孔隙率已经计算从散装重量的样品,它们的体积和铝的密度测量(2.7克/厘米3)。在显影铝泡沫塑料生产由复制所描述的方法,已经尝试减少先进设备的数量,以最小可能的程度上,使得该方法是容易实现成为可能。可以在不同的阶段可以使用其它变型将在稍后讨论。

Protocol

注意:下面的说明适用于协议A( 图1)。修改为协议B,C和D被列出。 1.铝棒准备将一大块 – 商业纯度铝锭(500克1-千克)放在坩埚。 将坩埚置于一炉中,在800℃进行约1小时,直至熔融。 取坩埚从炉和熔融铝倒入圆柱形模具中为50毫米的直径,比腔室的最终直径稍小用于浸润英寸(51毫米),得到的约半毫米的间隙。 等待1小时了吧降温…

Representative Results

在图4中的NaCl颗粒的形态可以看出(角和球形),为了说明的目的。与协议A得到的泡沫用方型谷物制成,其余则用球形颗粒制成。结果发现,使用不同的形状的NaCl颗粒对样品中所获得的孔隙度无作用。 从结果中,我们可以判断样品的a,b,和c(与协议A制备),是平均为63%的多孔( 图5),从它们的散装重量和体积来确定。通过改变的技术中,例如?…

Discussion

这里所描述的基本方法已经被用于在不同的形式由其他研究人员。一些关键的变体允许创建不同类型的泡沫进行了讨论。在表征这些泡沫我们测量孔隙率,因为这是一个快速简便的评估的其他结构特征,如孔径大小,比表面积或支柱的厚度可能需要获得的泡沫特性有充分的认识作出的,但表征对于不同的应用程序。在实践中,用于生产泡沫塑料通过复制的,孔径是良好控制的氯化钠的粒径使用,?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

通讯作者要感谢科技国家科学技术委员会的墨西哥政府的全国委员会为提供奖学金。

Materials

Name of Reagent/ Equipment Company Catalog Number Comments/Description
Salt Hydrosoft Granular Salt 25 kg 855754 http://www.travisperkins.co.uk/p/hydrosoft-granular-salt-25kg/855754/3893446
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_brochure_EN.pdf
Infiltration Mold, Base and Lid The University of Sheffield Custom Made Stainless Steel 304, 15 cm height, 5.1 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter
Cylindrical Mold The University of Sheffield Custom Made Low carbon steel 1020, 15 cm height, 5 cm inner diameter, 6 cm outer diameter
Graphite Gasket Gee Graphite Geegraf Stainless Steel Reinforced Graphite 1 mm thick http://www.geegraphite.com/steel_reinforced.html
Mallet Thor Hammer Co. Ltd. Round Solid Super Plastic Mallet http://www.thorhammer.com/Mallets/Round/
Wrench Kennedy Professional 13 mm Ratchet Combination Wrench KEN5822166K https://www.cromwell.co.uk/KEN5822166K
Nuts Matlock M8 Steel hex full nut galvanized https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6400068J
Washers Matlock M8 Form-A steel washer bzp https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6451208H
SS Nuts Matlock M8 A2 st/st hex full nut https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6423008F
SS Washers Matlock M8 A2 st/st Form-A washer https://www.cromwell.co.uk/CTL6464008H
Stainless Steel Studding Cromwell M8 x 1 Mtr A2 Stainless Steel Studding QFT6397080K https://www.cromwell.co.uk/QFT6397080K
Valves Edwards C33205000 SP16K, Nitrile Diaphragm https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=C33205000
Fitting Cross Edwards C10512412 NW16 Cross Piece Aluminum https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512412/View.aspx
Fitting T Edwards C10512411 NW16 T-Piece Aluminum https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/C10512411/View.aspx
Vacuum Pump Edwards A36310940 E2M18 200-230/380-415V,3-ph, 50Hz http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=A36310940
Dial Gauge Edwards D35610000 CG16K, 0-1040mbar http://www.edwardsvacuum.com/Products/View.aspx?sku=D35610000
Argon Gas BOC Pureshield Argon Gas http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/industrial-gases/inert-gases/pureshield-argon/pureshield-argon.html
Stainless Steel Hose BOC Stainless Steel Hose http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/hoses-and-pigtails/index.html
Regulator BOC HP 1500 Series Regulator http://www.boconline.co.uk/en/products-and-supply/speciality-equipment/regulators/single-stage-regulators/hp1500-series/hp1500-series.html
Copper Block William Rowland Copper Ingot 25 kg http://www.william-rowland.com/products/high-purity-metals#product-id-18
Vise Record T84-34 H/Duty Eng Vice 4 1/2" Jaws REC5658326K https://www.cromwell.co.uk/REC5658326K
Beaker Fisher Scientific 11567402 – Beaker, squat form, with graduations and spout 800mL https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812
D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA
5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11567402&resultSet
Position=0
Stirring Hot Plate Corning Corning stirring hot plate Model 6798-420d http://www.corning.com/lifesciences/us_canada/en/technical_resources/product_guid/shp/shp.aspx
Stir Bar Fisher Scientific 11848862 – PTFE Stir bar + Ring 25×6 mm https://webshop.fishersci.com/insight2_uk/getProduct.do;jsessionid=16D5812
D71B8CB37B475E94281E2BEA
5.ukhigjavappp11?productCode=11848862&resultSet
Position=0
Air dryer V05 V05 Max Air Turbo Dryer DR-120-GB http://reviews.boots.com/2111-en_gb/1120627/v05-v05-max-air-turbo-hair-dryer-dr-120-gb-reviews/reviews.htm
Ceramic Sheet Morgan Advance Materials Kaowool Blanket 2 mm thick http://www.morganthermalceramics.com/downloads/datasheets?f[0]=field_type%3A84
Vibrating Table Pevco Pevco Vibrating Table 1.25m x 0.625m x 0.6m http://www.peverilmachinery.co.uk/equipment/vibrating-tables

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Cite This Article
Elizondo Luna, E. M., Barari, F., Woolley, R., Goodall, R. Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity. J. Vis. Exp. (94), e52268, doi:10.3791/52268 (2014).

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