Etablering af en human myelomatose xenograftmodel i kylling til Studieinformationen tumorvækst, invasion og angiogenese
Summary
Humane multipelt myelom (MM) celler kræver støttende mikromiljø mesenchymale celler og ekstracellulære matrixkomponenter for overlevelse og proliferation. Vi etablerede en in vivo kylling embryo model med indpodede humane myelom og mesenkymceller at studere virkningerne af kræft lægemidler på tumorvækst, invasion og angiogenese.
Abstract
Myelomatose (MM), en ondartet plasma-celle sygdom, forbliver uhelbredelig og nye lægemidler er forpligtet til at forbedre prognosen for patienterne. Grundet manglen af knoglen mikromiljø og auto / parakrin vækstfaktorer humane MM celler er vanskelige at dyrke. Derfor er der et presserende behov for at etablere en ordentlig in vitro og in vivo dyrkningssystemer at undersøge virkningen af nye lægemidler på humane MM celler. Her præsenterer vi en model til at vokse humane myelomatoseceller i et komplekst 3D-miljø in vitro og in vivo. MM-cellelinjer OPM-2 og RPMI-8226 blev transficeret til at udtrykke transgenet GFP og blev dyrket i nærvær af humane mesenchymale celler og kollagen type I matrix som tredimensionelle sfæroider. Desuden blev sfæroider podet på den chorioallantoiske membran (CAM), i kyllingeembryoner og tumorvækst blev fulgt ved stereo fluorescensmikroskopi. Begge modeller tillader studiet af hidtil ukendt terapeutisk drugs i et komplekst 3D-miljø og kvantificering af tumor cellemasse efter homogenisering af transplantater i et transgen-specifik GFP-ELISA. Desuden kan angiogene responser af værten og invasion af tumorceller i den underliggende værtsvæv overvåges dagligt af et stereomikroskop og analyseret ved immunhistokemisk farvning mod humane tumorceller (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) eller værten vægmaleri celler dækker blodkar (desmin / ASMA).
Som konklusion onplant system tillader at studere MM cellevækst og angiogenese i et komplekst 3D-miljø og muliggør screening for hidtil ukendte terapeutiske forbindelser målrettet mod overlevelse og proliferation af MM-celler.
Introduction
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, bone lesions and immunodeficiency 1. Although new treatment options such as proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) and immune modulatory drugs (pomalidomide and lenalidomide) are available, MM still remains an incurable malignancy with a grim prognosis 2. The bad prognosis might be explained by the extraordinary heterogeneity of MM cell clones that contributes to variable responses to therapy, in particular under long time treatment and selection pressure of MM clones 3.
Preclinical testing of new drugs and their combinations in vitro and in vivo is a critical and time-consuming step for future drug development. Thus, useful in-vivo models of MM are required to gain a better understanding of the biology of the disease and to enable the discovery of new drugs. Actually, the best xenotransplantation models for hematological malignancies and therapeutics are immune-deficient mice, such as the severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice 4-7, the non-obese diabetic/SCID (NOD/SCID) mice 8,9 or the β-microglobulin-knockout NOD/SCID mice 10,11.
Although murine models of human MM in some aspects can resemble the phenotype of human disease, immune-deficient mice are inbred, therefore simulate only one individual response to a drug and costs are very high. Due to immunosuppression animals require special maintenance conditions and the engraftment of human MM in mice requires 6 weeks to 2 months 9,12, unless cells are grafted directly to the bone marrow using a technically demanding procedure with lower rates of animal survival 7,13. Therefore, new methods using stem-cell based organoid models 14, tissue engineering 15 or sophisticated 3D cell culture models 16 have been established. They will compete in the near future with classical animal experiments for preclinical drug testing, but cannot replace systemic toxicity tests in living organisms.
The chicken embryo has been demonstrated before to be a suitable organism for xenotransplantation of human cells and tissues due to lack of adaptive immune response until hatching 17-19. Moreover, each chicken embryo reflects an individual reaction to applied drugs or tumor cells due to genetic diversity within the chicken population. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a well-established system to study tumor-dependent angiogenesis 20-22. When solid tumors are grafted to the CAM, they display many characteristics of cancers in vivo, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis 23-27.
Based on the previous experience of our group with CAM xenograft models20,26,27, a human MM model was established that combines the advantage of a human 3D culture system with the model of ex ovo developing chicken embryos. This MM model system allows real time monitoring of MM growth progression, quantification of cell mass and preclinical drug testing.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Udviklingen af nye terapeutiske midler til ildfast MM kræver mindre tidskrævende og dyre in vivo systemer til at vurdere følsomheden af humane MM celler til lægemidler. Hidtil er tilgængelige for den prækliniske evaluering af nye anti-myelom behandlinger kun få in vivo-systemer. Alle af dem har deres begrænsninger for storstilet screening af sammensatte biblioteker 29.
Den bedste nuværende modeller for humane MM celler er meget immun-mangel mus 7,13,30 og kalkun em…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors want to thank Ms. Cornelia Heis for her excellent technical assistance in immunohistochemistry and preparation of chicken embryos. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Grant No. P19552) and the European Union (EU FP7 project Optatio No: 278570).
Materials
| RPMI-8226 cells | DSMZ | ACC 9 | STR profiled |
| OPM-2 cells | DSMZ | ACC 50 | STR profiled |
| Human mesenchymal stem cells | PromoCell | PC-C-12974 | |
| HEK293FT cells | Invitrogen | R700-07 | |
| RPMI1640 Medium | Sigma Aldrich | R0883 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum HyClone | ThermoScientific | SH30070.03 | |
| L-Glut- Pen- Strep solution | Sigma | G6784 | |
| DMEM Medium | Gibco | 31966 | |
| NEAA | Sigma Life Sciences | M7145 | |
| Transfection Medium/Opti-MEM | Gibco | 51985 | |
| eGFP lentiviral particles | GeneCopoeia | LPP-EGFP-LV105 | Ready to use viral particles |
| pLenti6/V5Dest6 eGFP vector | Invitrogen | PN 35-1271 | from authors |
| ViralpowerTM packaging mix | Invitrogen | P/N 35-1275 | |
| Transfection reagent/ Lipofectamin 2000 | Invitrogen | 11668-027 | |
| Blasticidin | Invitrogen | R210-01 | |
| Neomycin | Biochrom | A2912 | |
| Collagen-Type1 Rat Tail | BD Biosciences | 354236 | |
| DMEM powder | Life Technologies | Art.Nr. 10338582 | |
| plitidepsin | Pharmamar | ||
| bortezomib | LKT Lab., Inc. | B5871 | |
| SPF-white hen eggs | Charles River | Fertilized white Leghorn chicken eggs | |
| Plastic weighing boats | neoLab | Art.Nr. 1-1125 | for ex-ovo culture |
| Petridish square (Lids) | Simport | D210-16 | for ex-ovo culture |
| RIPA Buffer (10x) | Cell Signaling | #9806 | |
| Protease Inhibitor Tablets | Roche | 11 836 170 001 | |
| Complete Mini EDTA-free | |||
| GFP ELISA | Cell Biolabs, Inc. | AKR-121 | |
| Histocette II | Simport | M493-6 | |
| PFA 37% | Roth | 7398.1 | |
| DPBS | Lonza | BE17-512F | |
| Ethanol absolut | Normapur | 20,821,321 | |
| Roti-Histol | Roth | Art.Nr.6640.4 | |
| Paraplast | Sigma | A6330 | |
| SuperFrost Microscope Slides | R. Langenbrinck | Art.-Nr. | |
| Labor- u. Medizintechnik | 03-0060 | ||
| DakoCytomation Wash Buffer 10x | DakoCytomation | Code-Nr. | |
| S 3006 | |||
| Target Retrieval Solution (10x) pH 6,1 | DAKO | Code-Nr. | |
| S 1699 | |||
| H2O2 | Merck | ||
| m-a-hu ASMA clone 1A4 | DAKO | M0851 | |
| m-a-hu CD138 clone MI15 | DAKO | M7228 | |
| m-a-hu Vimentin clone V9 | DAKO | M0725 | |
| m-a-hu Desmin clone D33 | DAKO | M0760 | |
| m-a-hu Ki67 clone MIB-1 | DAKO | M7240 | |
| biotinylated goat- anti-mouse IgG | Vector Laboratories Inc. | BA-9200 | |
| Vectastain Elite ABC Kit | Vector Laboratories Inc. | # PK-6100 | |
| FAST DAB Tablet Set. | Sigma Biochemicals | # D4293 | |
| Mayer’s haemalaun solution | Merck | 1,092,490,500 | |
| Roti Histokitt | Roth | Art.Nr.6638.2 | |
| Bench top rotary microtome | Thermo Electron, Shandon Finesse ME+ | ||
| Tissue embedding station | Leica, TP1020 | ||
| Egg-Incubator | Grumbach | BSS160 | |
| Stereo fluorescence microscope equipped with an connected with a digital camera (Olympus E410) and flexible cold light | Olympus, SZX10 | ||
| Ultra Turrax | IKA T10 | Homogenizer |
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