使用可摄取遥测温度丸，以评估胃肠道温度在练习
Summary
This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.
Abstract
Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.
Introduction
基材的过程中肌肉收缩，必要的氧化进行锻炼和体力活动，因为只有20％是用于肌肉的力量1重要的影响，我们的体温调节系统，而大部分能量被释放的热量（80％）2,3。因此，身体活动和运动期间升高的代谢产热典型地超过了热耗散能力4,5，从而增加在芯体温度（Tc）。因此，将T上升到高于下丘脑设定点，其被定义为热疗6，甚至可能导致一个衰减的运动性能5,7,8和/或热相关病症4,6的发展。由于这个原因，在长时间的运动，特别是在剧烈的环境条件来精确测量Tc为重要。
文献描述了一个理想的方法来衡量锝应：1）容易的应用程序licable，2）不受到环境条件有所偏差，3）具有高时间分辨率的快速监测变化在Tc和4）具有与检测的微小变化的能力（Δ0.1℃）在核心体温9,10。不同方法的概述测量锝是由国际标准化组织（ISO 9886）11中给出 。有人说，食管温度在左心房的水平提供了中央血液温度最接近的协议，而这项措施是能够快速检测温度12（未成年人）的变化。尽管食管温度测量值通常被认为是黄金标准录制TC，其侵入性限制了实际使用这种方法。替代措施，以监测锝依靠外部鼓膜，口腔或直肠12温度记录。这些测量点不是最佳的衡量TC，由于其侵入性的性格，methodolog的iCal困难和/或环境状况9,12-14（表1）的电势偏压。这凸显了需要探索替代战略，以监测（变化）锝。
以前的研究已经描述了使用可摄入遥测温度丸以测量Tgi为由，它为Tc 9,15的代表估计的易适用，可靠和有效的方法。另一个重要的是，利用温度丸的是适合在基于场的情况下，这是非常重要的，因为在锝运动诱发的升高一般较高外地比实验室设置16。目前，该温度丸能够为±0.1℃，这使得这种技术非常适合的锻炼事件或重要的比赛期间测量所述Tgi为由精度测量Tgi为由每隔10秒。另外，在一项研究Stevens等人17。如果表明遥测温度丸也可以用于监测胃内温度。可摄取的温度丸首先于1961年18协作描述，并进一步发展在美国约翰霍普金斯大学（巴尔的摩，美国）与美国航空航天局的应用物理实验室。其结果是一个20×10毫米的胶囊用遥测系统，微型电池，石英晶体的温度传感器。水晶传感器振动在频率相对于周围物质的温度的。该温度的无线电信号通过身体，这可以通过一个外部记录器（图1）来测量发射。每个温度丸具有唯一的序列和校准号，它可以用来由记录器转换的无线电信号，并测量相应Tgi为由。
一个小的磁条附着到温度药丸，其中停用电池外部。当这个磁条被删除，丸是ACTI氧基团立即开始测量锝（ 图2）。住处和他的同事，19使用了六个不同的技术（胃肠道，直肠，听觉，时间的，轴向和前额）来衡量锝，与直肠温度设定为基准值。他们证明，锝随温度丸胃肠测量是表示与参考锝一致的唯一技术。他人调查Tgi为由和直肠温度之间的关系，并显示出一个小而显著偏压范围为0.07℃至0.20℃下9,15,20,21。尽管研究之间的方向和偏压的大小不同，协议的布兰德和Altman 95％限分别为±0.4℃，这是可以接受的9,22。此外，在审查Byrne等9 Tgi为由与直肠和食管温度（黄金标准）作为用于锝的量度相比较。他们证明，Tgi为由测量与TEmperature丸是一种基于肠和食道温度之间的良好的协议锝一个有效的措施。此外，协议中的95％布兰德和奥特曼的限制被限制在±0.4°C 22，虽然没有显著偏压两次测量9,20,21之间发现。这些结果表明，Tgi为由为锝一个有效的措施。
一个良好的TC / Tgi为由测量技术的另一个重要方面是高时间分辨率迅速监视变化锝。以前的研究已经表明，随着温度的丸测定的Tgi为由响应更慢的变化锝相比食管测量15,20,23，其可以由于食道的低热容量和接近心脏10进行说明。在食管温度测量，该热敏电阻放置在左心房10的水平。在这个水平上，肺动脉和食道是在接触和等温24，刺激快速响应时间上的变化，在食管测量温度。与此相反，相比于食道肠和直肠较少灌注，导致在测量温度变化在这些解剖位置的延迟。但是，摄取遥测温度丸具有±0.1℃的精确度，并且能够测量Tgi为由每隔10秒。先前的研究报告说，核心体温上升的最大值为1℃，每5分钟，如果没有热量的运动25中删除。因此，温度丸的时间分辨率是适于测量运动时的变化Tgi为由。基于这些发现，可以得出结论，该温度丸是可靠和有效的技术来测量Tgi为由。尽管在大量的研究，关于如何使用丸缺少温度的清晰描述的使用遥测温度丸。
因此，T他本研究的目的是提供测量协议的使用可摄取遥测温度丸的详细描述。其次，遥测温度丸在两个不同的研究的协议的应用被描述，在其中的横截面设计（测量用不同的记录器，每5公里）和协议，连续记录Tgi为由在个人使用。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
可摄取遥测温度丸必须提供Tgi为由连续，有效的和非侵入性测量的能力。此外，温度丸的优点是，一旦摄入的事实，受试者不知道在体内或该测量完成的药丸的存在。因此，这种方法是在静止的条件以及运动，为研究参与者最小负担时容易适用，且可在现场和实验室设置，因此可以使用。另一个优点是能够测量大组受试者仅具有单个记录器的可能性。
以确保Tgi为由与摄取丸?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by STW (12864, C.C.W.G.B) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Rubicon Grant 825.12.016, T.M.H.E).
Materials
| CorTemp data recorder | CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA | Not applicable | http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-data-recorder/ |
| Cortemp ingestible telemetric temperature pill | CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA | HT150002 | http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-sensor-2/ |
| CorTrack II software (Data processing for a PC only) | CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA | Not applicable | http://www.hqinc.net/cortrack-ii-data-graphing-software/ |
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