インビトロアッセイではホスファチジルメチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を測定します
Summary
The present report describes an in vitro enzymatic assay to measure phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity using Leishmania cell extracts. This assay is based on the transfer of a radioactive methyl group from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine.
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from S-adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine, monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, or dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to give either monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. These enzymes are ubiquitous in animal cells, fungi, and are also found in approximately 10% of bacteria. They fulfill various important functions in cell physiology beyond their direct role in lipid metabolism such as in insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cell growth, or virulence. The present manuscript reports on a simple cell-free enzymatic assay that measures the transfer of tritiated methyl group(s) from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine using whole cell extracts as an enzyme source. The resulting methylated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine are hydrophobic and thus, can be separated from water soluble S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine by organic extraction. This assay can potentially be applied to any other cell types and used to test inhibitors/drugs specific to a phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase of interest without the need to purify the enzyme.
Introduction
ホスファチジルエタノールアミンメチル（PEMT）酵素は、モノメチルPEを与えるためにPE、モノ-PEまたはジメチル-PE上のメチル基供与体としてのS -adenosylmethionine（SAM）を使用して、1つ以上のメチル基の共有結合を触媒ジメチルPE、および/ またはホスファチジルコリン（PC）。これらの酵素は、動物細胞及び真菌におけるほぼ遍在しています。彼らはまた、いくつかの植物1および細菌の約10％、真核生物2と相互作用する特にで見つけることができます。
PEMTsはだけでなく、他の重要な細胞機能を果たすことにより、動物細胞における主要な脂質クラスのPCの生産に貢献することによって、細胞の生物学に関連します。哺乳類では、PEMTsは、主に、それらは非常に低密度リポタンパク質の正常な分泌のために必要とされる肝臓で発現され、それらはまた、食餌誘発性肥満3、アテローム性動脈硬化4に寄与し、インスリンレジストンス5。さらに、哺乳類のPEMTも低いレベルにあるが、脂肪細胞に発現し、脂肪沈着6、7に参加しています。癌発生8、9アポトーシス、及び細胞増殖10 PEMT役割も実証されています。細菌では、PEMT酵素は、正常な細胞増殖2、毒性2、および宿主植物11との共生のために重要であることが示されています。
本プロトコルの目的及び論理的根拠は、酵素を精製することなく、全細胞抽出物からPEMT活性を測定することです。二つの異なるプロトコルがPEMT活性を測定するために開発されています。最初の、そして最も一般的なものは、この記事のトピックであるPE、上に放射性SAMからトリチウム化メチル基の転移を測定します。このプロトコルは、本来understを得るために12酵母および哺乳動物細胞（肝臓）13からPEMT活性を測定するために開発されましたこれらの酵素の特異性を決定するために、これらの細胞におけるPC生合成の論理積ならびに。以降、この技術は、（15けれどもアッセイの基本的なpH値を使用して）細菌2及び原虫寄生14などの他の細胞型に適用されています。この技術は、全細胞抽出物、ならびに精製された酵素を用いて使用することができ、潜在的に任意の細胞抽出システムにも適用することができます。非放射性のアッセイはまた、Sの -adenosylhomocysteine、SAM 16のトランスメチレーション産物の酵素の定量化に依存しているように設計されています。それは放射能を含まないように後者のアッセイは、より便利かもしれないが、それは精製された酵素にのみ適しています。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
この単純な、迅速なPEMTアッセイは、タンパク質源として、全細胞抽出物を使用して、PE上にSAMからの放射性のメチル基の転移に起因するPEのメチル化形態の定量化を可能にします。これは、高速の敏感な、再現性、および精製された酵素を17にも適しています。興味のメチルトランスフェラーゼは、これらの基板にではなく、PE 12,13,18,19に固有である場合モノメチルまたはジメ…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH grants ARRA RO3 AI078145 and 1SC3GM113743 to RZ.
Materials
| S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine (specific activity of 5-15 Ci/mMole) | Perkin Elmer | NET155050UC | Aliquot the reagent and freeze at -20 °C; follow radiation safety guidelines while using this reagent |
| Protease inhibitor cocktail | Roche Life Sciences | 11836170001 | dilute it fresh |
| Glass beads, acid washed, 425-600 mm | Sigma Aldrich | G8772 | |
| Bicinchoninic acid solution | Sigma Aldrich | B9643 | |
| Copper (II) sulfate | Sigma Aldrich | C2284 | |
| Scintillation counter MicroBeta2 with 1-detector | Perkin Elmer | 2450-0010 | |
| Spectrophotometer Biomate 3 | Thermo Scientific | 840208300 | |
| BSA stock solution (10 mg/ml) | New England Biolabs | B9001S | |
| Scintillation liquid | Research Product International Corp | 111198 | |
| S-(5'-Adenosyl)-L-methionine chloride (hydrochloride) | Cayman Chemicals | 13956 | dilute the reagent in 20 mM HCl and freeze aliquots at -80 °C |
References
- Keogh, M. R., Courtney, P. D., Kinney, A. J., Dewey, R. E. Functional characterization of phospholipid N-.methyltransferases from Arabidopsis and soybean. J Biol Chem. 284 (23), 15439-15447 (2009).
- Geiger, O., Lopez-Lara, I. M., Sohlenkamp, C. Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and function in bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1831 (3), 503-513 (2013).
- Gao, X., et al. Decreased lipogenesis in white adipose tissue contributes to the resistance to high fat diet-induced obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1851 (2), 152-162 (2015).
- Zhao, Y., et al. Lack of phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase alters plasma VLDL phospholipids and attenuates atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 29 (9), 1349-1355 (2009).
- Vance, D. E. Phospholipid methylation in mammals: from biochemistry to physiological function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1838 (6), 1477-1487 (2014).
- Nishimaki-Mogami, T., Suzuki, K., Takahashi, A. The role of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins by cultured rat hepatocytes: rapid inhibition of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation by bezafibrate increases the density of apolipoprotein B48-containing lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1304 (1), 21-31 (1996).
- Noga, A. A., Zhao, Y., Vance, D. E. An unexpected requirement for phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 277 (44), 42358-42365 (2002).
- Li, D., et al. Epigenetic repression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase (PEMT) in BRCA1-mutated breast cancer. Oncotarget. 5 (5), 1315-1325 (2014).
- Cui, Z., Houweling, M., Vance, D. E. Suppression of rat hepatoma cell growth by expression of phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase-2. J Biol Chem. 269 (40), 24531-24533 (1994).
- Cui, Z., Shen, Y. J., Vance, D. E. Inverse correlation between expression of phosphatidylethanolamine.N-.methyltransferase-2 and growth rate of perinatal rat livers. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1346 (1), 10-16 (1997).
- Minder, A. C., de Rudder, K. E., Narberhaus, F., Fischer, H. M., Hennecke, H., Geiger, O. Phosphatidylcholine levels in.Bradyrhizobium japonicum. membranes are critical for an efficient symbiosis with the soybean host plant. Mol Microbiol. 39 (5), 1186-1198 (2001).
- Kodaki, T., Yamashita, S. Yeast phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathway. Cloning and characterization of two distinct methyltransferase genes. J Biol Chem. 262 (32), 15428-15435 (1987).
- Tanaka, Y., Amano, F., Maeda, M., Nishijima, M., Akamatsu, Y. Purification and properties of phosphatidyl-N-.monomethylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing the second and the third steps in the phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase system, from mouse liver microsomes. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 43 (3), 59-73 (1990).
- Bibis, S. S., Dahlstrom, K., Zhu, T., Zufferey, R. Characterization of Leishmania major phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases LmjPEM1 and LmjPEM2 and their inhibition by choline analogs. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 196 (2), 90-99 (2014).
- deRudder, K. E., Thomas-Oates, J. E., Geiger, O. Rhizobium meliloti. mutants deficient in phospholipid N-.methyltransferase still contain phosphatidylcholine. J Bacteriol. 179 (22), 6921-6928 (1997).
- Aktas, M., Narberhaus, F. In vitro characterization of the enzyme properties of the phospholipid N-.methyltransferase PmtA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Bacteriol. 191 (7), 2033-2041 (2009).
- Ridgway, N. D., Vance, D. E. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-.methyltransferase from rat liver. Methods Enzymol. 209, 366-374 (1992).
- Gaynor, P. M., Carman, G. M. Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase and phospholipid methyltransferase activities from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzymological and kinetic properties. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1045 (2), 156-163 (1990).
- Arondel, V., Benning, C., Somerville, C. R. Isolation and functional expression in Escherichia coli. of a gene encoding phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.17) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Biol Chem. 268 (21), 16002-16008 (1993).
- Wessel, M., Klusener, S., Godeke, J., Fritz, C., Hacker, S., Narberhaus, F. Virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. requires phosphatidylcholine in the bacterial membrane. Mol Microbiol. 62 (3), 906-915 (2006).
- Klusener, S., Aktas, M., Thormann, K. M., Wessel, M., Narberhaus, F. Expression and physiological relevance of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis genes. J Bacteriol. 191 (1), 365-374 (2009).
- Henderson, D. M., et al. Cloning of the gene encoding Leishmania donovani.S.-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, a potential target for antiparasitic chemotherapy. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 53 (1-2), 169-183 (1992).
- Koszalka, G. W., Krenitsky, T. A., Nyhan, W. L., Thompson, L. F., Watts, R. W. E. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) phosphorylase from promastigote of Leishmania donovani. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism in Man V, Adv Exp Med Biol. 131, 559-563 (1986).
- Biastoff, S., Teuber, M., Zhou, Z. S., Dräger, B. Colorimetric activity measurement of a recombinant putrescine N.-methyltransferase from Datura stramonium. Planta Med. 72 (12), 1136-1141 (2006).
- Hendricks, C. L., Ross, J. R., Pichersky, E., Noel, J. P., Zhou, Z. S. An enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for S.-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. Anal Biochem. 326 (1), 100-105 (2004).
- Cannon, L. M., Butler, F. N., Wan, W., Zhou, Z. S. A stereospecific colorimetric assay for (S.,S.)-adenosylmethionine quantification based on thiopurine methyltransferase-catalyzed thiol methylation. Anal Biochem. 308 (2), 358-363 (2002).
- Hoffman, J. L. Chromatographic analysis of the chiral and covalent instability of S.-adenosyl-L-methionine. Biochemistry. 25 (15), 4444-4449 (1986).
- Wu, S. E., Huskey, W. P., Borchardt, R. T., Schowen, R. L. Chiral instability at sulfur of S.-adenosylmethionine. Biochemistry. 22 (12), 2828-2832 (1983).
- Dorgan, K. M., et al. An enzyme-coupled continuous spectrophotometric assay for S.-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. Anal Biochem. 350 (2), 249-255 (2006).
