类器官的模型传染病：人类的文化与小鼠胃组织体与幽门螺杆菌的显微注射
Summary
Stem cell derived cultures harbor tremendous potential to model infectious diseases. Here, the culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described. The organoids are microinjected with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori.
Abstract
Recently infection biologists have employed stem cell derived cultures to answer the need for new and better models to study host-pathogen interactions. Three cellular sources have been used: Embryonic stem cells (ESC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) or adult stem cells. Here, culture of mouse and human gastric organoids derived from adult stem cells is described and used for infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Human gastric glands are isolated from resection material, seeded in a basement matrix and embedded in medium containing growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-spondin, Noggin, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 10, gastrin and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta inhibitor. In these conditions, gastric glands grow into 3-dimensional organoids containing 4 lineages of the stomach. The organoids expand indefinitely and can be frozen and thawed similarly as cell lines. For infection studies, bacteria are microinjected into the lumen of the organoids. Infected organoids are processed for imaging. The described methods can be adapted to other organoids and infections with other bacteria, viruses or parasites. This allows the study of infection-induced changes in primary cells.
Introduction
病原体的研究依赖于适当的模型系统来模拟体内的感染。对于一些感染剂，适当的模型系统缺乏而一些使用的系统是远非最佳。一个例子是在胃幽门螺杆菌 （ 幽门螺杆菌 ），这是因果相关的胃癌的发展。然而，在不存在一个更合适的细胞培养体系，许多研究旨在分析癌症发展使用癌细胞系的分子机制，这代表了癌变级联的端点。伯，非转化细胞。将这些研究更好的模型。然而，原代细胞仅可从少数献血者的，并且不能在较长的时间周期中培养。近年来，干细胞研究取得了显著的进步，为原代细胞培养感染生物学研究新的来源。
从文化3干细胞来源已被用于：胚胎干细胞（ESC），诱导多能干细胞（IPSC）或成体干细胞。它们已被用于模拟感染的病毒，如巨细胞病毒1,2-或丙型肝炎病毒3 – 7，寄生虫，如恶性疟原虫 8或 弓形虫 9，和细菌，如Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron 10或肠道沙门氏菌 11。最近，一些方法已经被发布到感染H.模型幽门螺杆菌与来自ESC键或iPS细胞12，小鼠成体干细胞21,22或人类成体干细胞衍生的13类器官– 15。
类器官培养物从成体干细胞的发育源自研究，其中单个干细胞从鼠肠上皮分离接种到3维矩阵和嵌入在模仿含有EGF的有丝分裂原，R-脊椎蛋白的肠干细胞的环境，以提高Wnt信号和头蛋白抑制骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）信令16培养基。值得注意的是这些培养不需要共培养间充质细胞。在这些条件下，干细胞增殖并形成小的结构与结构域窝藏肠隐窝的细胞，以及包含肠绒毛的细胞结构域。的组织体从而自我组织以模拟体内情况 。今天，许多鼠和人性化的组织的成体干细胞可以在体外和生长自组织成类器官类似于其在体内对应物，如小肠和结肠17，胃13,18，19,20肝，胰腺和21前列腺22。
在这里，我们提供了一个视频协议，以培养小鼠和人胃癌组织体的成体干CELLS和microinject它们与H.幽门螺旋杆菌 。该协议是基于以往的报告13,18。该方法可适于用于培养和感染其他类器官培养物如肠组织体。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This protocol describes the use of ever-expanding, untransformed primary organoids from adult stem cells for infection biology. Critical steps are i) the isolation of viable glands, ii) expansion of organoids and iii) the microinjection. Below are some suggestions for modifications, troubleshooting and technical considerations.
Compared to other isolation methods, which use vigorous shaking or pipetting to release glands and can be equally successful, the technique presented here has the adva…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by EU Marie Curie Fellowship (EU/300686-InfO) to S.B. and a Research Prize from the United European Gastroenterology Foundation to H.C. We would like to thank Harry Begthel, Jeroen Korving and the Hubrecht Imaging Center for technical assistance, Meritxell Huch for help with initial organoid culture and Yana Zavros for discussion.
Materials
| Medium | |||
| HEPES | Invitrogen | 15630-056 | |
| Advanced DMEM/F12 | Invitrogen | 12634-028 | |
| Matrigel, GFR, phenol free | BD | 356231 | |
| GlutaMAX | Invitrogen | 35050-079 | Stock concentration 200 mM, final concentration 2 mM |
| B27 | Invitrogen | 17504-044 | Stock concentration 50 x, final concentration 1x |
| N-Acetylcysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | A9165-5G | Stock concentration 500 mM, final concentration 1 mM |
| Murine recombinant EGF | Invitrogen | PMG8043 | Stock concentration 500 µg/mL, final concentration 50 ng/mL |
| Human recombinant FGF10 | Peprotech | 100-26 | Stock concentration 100 µg/mL, final concentration 200 ng/mL |
| TGFβi A-83-01 | Tocris | 2939 | Stock concentration 500 µM, final concentration 2 µM |
| Nicotinamide | Sigma-Aldrich | N0636 | Stock concentration 1 M, final concentration 10 mM |
| [Leu15]-Gastrin | Sigma-Aldrich | G9145 | Stock concentration 100 µM, final concentration 1 nM |
| RHOKi Y-27632 | Sigma-Aldrich | Y0503 | Stock concentration 10 mM, final concentration 10 µM |
| Wnt3A conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 50%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
| R-spondin1 conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Kuo Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cell line can be obtained from Calvin Kuo, Stanford. | ||
| Noggin conditioned medium | Stable cell line generated in the Clevers Lab. Final concentration 10%. Cells can be obtained from Hans Clevers. | ||
| R-spondin3 | R&D | 3500-RS/CF | Alternative source for R-spondin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (1 µg/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
| Noggin | Peprotech | 120-10 | Alternative source for noggin. This has been tested on human intestine organoids (100 ng/mL), but not yet on gastric organoids. |
| TrypLE express | Life Technologies | 12605036 | Enzymatic dissociation solution |
| CoolCell® Alcohol-Free Cell Freezing Containers | biocision | BCS-405 | |
| Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium | Invitrogen | 12648-010 | |
| Antibiotics | |||
| Primocin | Invivogen | ant-pm-1 | An antibiotics composition agains bacteria and fungi. It is helpful after initiation of a culture. For long term culture you can switch to other antibiotics or none. |
| Penicillin/Streptomycin | Invitrogen | 15140-122 | Stock concentration 10000/10000 U/mL, final concentration 100/100 U/mL. Can be used alternatively to Primocin in long term culture. |
| Other | |||
| Tweezers | Neolabs | 2-1033 | Tweezers with fine tips are helpful for the removal of muscle layer from the tissue. |
| 4 Well Multidishes | Thermo Scientific | 144444 | You can use other Multidishes. These were particularly helpful for microinjections because they have a low outer rim and allow more mobility for the manipulator. |
| Micromanipulator | Narishige | M-152 | |
| Microinjector | Narishige | IM-5B | |
| Stereomicroscope | Leica | MZ75 | |
| Workbench | Clean Air | Custom made to fit the stereomicroscope in ML2 condition | |
| Cappillaries | Harvard Apparatus | GC100T-10 | 1 mm outer diameter, 0,78 mm inner diameter. |
| Micropipette Puller | Sutter Instruments | Flaming Brown Micropipette Puller | |
| anti Cag A antibody | Santa Cruz | sc-25766 |
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