Summary

Stimulering af Notch signalering i Mouse osteoklastpræcursorer

Published: February 28, 2017
doi:

Summary

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

Abstract

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state.

Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.

This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Introduction

Pattedyrs Notch signalvej er homolog med den samme vej hos Drosophila melanogaster og består af fire transmembrane Notch receptorer (Notch1-4) og fem membranbundne ligander af Jagged (JAG1 & JAG2) og Delta-lignende (DLL1, 3, & 4) familier 1. Notch signalering initieres når Notch receptor på en modtagende celle er bundet af ligand på en transmitterende celle 2. Under denne trans-aktivering, det membranbundne Notch-ligand frembringer en strækning kraft på den membranbundne Notch-receptor 3, 4. Strækkraften af ​​ligand binding inducerer konformationelle ændringer i Notch-receptoren, som letter ekstracellulær spaltning af receptoren ved TNFa-omdannende enzym (TACE), efterfulgt af en intracellulær spaltning begivenhed medieret af en presenilin-indeholdende y-sekretase kompleks (γ-sekretase). γ-sekretase frigiver Notch intracellular domæne (NiCd), som translokerer ind i kernen, hvor den danner en transkriptionel aktivering kompleks med CBF-1-Su (H) -Lag-1 (CSL), mastermind-lignende (MAML), og celle-typespecifikke faktorer til at drive ekspression af target gener 5.

De mekaniske elementer i Notch signalering aktivering resulterer i behovet for unikke fremgangsmåder til Notch-aktivering in vitro. Opløselige Notch-ligander kan binde til Notch receptorer, men undlader at producere strækker kræfter er nødvendige for NiCd frigivelse, mens på samme tid kompetitivt at inhibere binding af celleassocierede Notch-ligander. Således kan tilsætning af opløselige Notch ligander til dyrkningsmediet dæmpe normal Notch signalering 6, 7. Heldigvis kan Notch-ligander inducerer NiCd frigivelse, hvis de er fastgjort til et passende stift substrat 5, 8, 9,10. Podning celler på ligand-coatede kultursubstrater eller påføring ligand-overtrukne perler til celler kan både aktivere Notch signalering, og valget mellem dem afhænger primært af den ønskede timing af Notch stimulation. For øjeblikkelig, midlertidig Notch signalering aktivering, som det kunne ønskes under midtpunktet af en funktionel eller differentiering assay Notch-ligand kan bindes til agarose perler, der anvendes til dyrkede celler, og udvaskes til enhver tid. For mere vedvarende Notch signalering fra begyndelsen af ​​en dyrkningsperiode kan vævskulturpladerne overtrækkes med ligand før cellepodning.

Ved anvendelse af denne protokol er fremgangsmåder udføres under anvendelse af muse osteoklastpræcursorer, men metoderne og variationer over fremgangsmåderne beskrevet her kan anvendes til en bred række celletyper 6, 11, 12, 13, </sup> 14. Osteoklaster terminalt differentierede hæmatopoietiske linage celler, som er ansvarlige for resorptionen af knoglevæv, og de er impliceret i flere sygdomme i knogletab 15. Således in vitro-undersøgelse af differentieringen af osteoklaster fra deres monocyt / makrofag-afstamningsceller prækursorer og de molekylære mekanismer, der styrer deres funktion er afgørende for bedre forståelse af osteoklaster og udvikling af nye knogle-regenererende behandlinger. Selv om det nu er almindeligt accepteret, at Notch signalering spiller en positiv rolle i differentiering og funktion af osteoklaster, variationer i både Notch signalering stimulation og osteoklast forløber kultur og differentiering medførte i første omgang modstridende fund 16, 17, 18, 19. En nærmere undersøgelse af forskellene i metoder og brug af genetiskemodeller har i høj grad afklaret rolle Notch signalering i osteoklastogenese, men anvendelse af standardiserede Notch stimulation og dyrkningsmetoder kunne forhindre sådanne kontroverser i fremtidige studier af Notch signalering i andre celletyper 20, 21, 22, 23.

Der er flere metoder til dyrkning og differentiering muse osteoklastpræcursorer, og som med varierende fremgangsmåder til stimulering Notch signalering, vil den bedste metode afhænge af den eksperimentelle spørgsmål. Heri, vil vores foretrukne metode til dyrkning adhærente og ikke-adhærente fraktioner af marvceller skylles ud muse lange knogler blive præsenteret. Denne fremgangsmåde har den fordel, at der i det væsentlige ingen specialudstyr og producerende celler, som er anvendelig til en række forskellige differentierings- metoder.

Protocol

Al forskning omfatter hvirveldyr blev udført i overensstemmelse med protokoller, der er godkendt af University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care og brug Udvalg (IACUC). 1. Dyrkningsmedier Fremstilling Forbered α-MEM ved opløsning minimalt essentielt medium (MEM) pulver og 1,9 g natriumbicarbonat i 900 ml H2O og supplere med 2 mM L-glutamin, 100 enheder / ml penicillin, 100 ug / ml streptomycin og 100 ml varme- føtalt bovint serum. Sterilisere bruge en 0,22 u…

Representative Results

Formålet med denne metode er at kultur og stimulere Notch signalering i osteoklastpræcursorer. Ved korrekt dyrket, osteoklastpræcursorer udviser et primært langstrakt spindel-formet morfologi med blank cytoplasma (figur 1A). Der bør udvises forsigtighed for at undgå immunologiske aktivering af osteoklastpræcursorer. Efter aktivering, prækursorer brede sig og blive fladtrykt med skummende cytoplasma (figur 1B). Disse "stegt æg" celler e…

Discussion

Kritiske trin i protokollen

Kultur og in vitro differentiering af osteoklastpræcursorer giver et nyttigt udgangspunkt for undersøgelse af molekylære mekanismer for osteoklastogenese og identifikation af terapeutiske mål for knogleregenerering og bevarelse af knoglemasse. Når dyrkning mus osteoklastpræcursorer, det mest kritiske element er vedligeholdelse af prækursorer i en naiv tilstand. Som makrofag-lignende celler, der osteoklastpræcursorer primet til at reagere på bakterie…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the University of Pennsylvania Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders (5 P30 AR050950-09), a grant from the AO Foundation (S-16-12A), the Philadelphia VA Medical Center Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, and an intramural orthopaedic surgery departmental research development fund. JWA is supported by the University of Pennsylvania Postdoctoral Opportunities in Research and Teaching (PENN-PORT) fellowship funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Institutional Research and Career Development Award (IRACDA; 5 K12 GM081259-08).

Materials

Recombinant mouse M-CSF Biolegend 576402 Available from multiple suppliers, test activity before experiments
Recombinant mouse RANKL Shenandoah Biotechnology 200-04 Available from multiple suppliers, test activity before experiments
Recombinant human Jagged1-Fc R&D Systems 1277-JG-050 Available from multiple suppliers, test activity before experiments
Protein G agarose beads InvivoGen gel-agg-2
Goat anti-human IgG Fc Jackson ImmunoResearch 109-001-008
Minimum Essential Medium powder Sigma-Aldrich M0894
Accutase cell dissociation reagent ThermoFisher A1110501 Used to lift osteoclast precursors
Acid Phosphatase, Leukocyte (TRAP) Kit Sigma-Aldrich 387A-1KT Used to stain differentiated osteoclasts

References

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Cite This Article
Kaur, G., Ahn, J., Hankenson, K. D., Ashley, J. W. Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors. J. Vis. Exp. (120), e55234, doi:10.3791/55234 (2017).

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