通过长期进步力量训练提高力量，力量，肌肉有氧能力和葡萄糖耐量
Summary
通过同时使用几种方法研究了短期阻力训练对老年人的影响。与对照组相比，观察到许多改善，包括肌肉需氧能力，葡萄糖耐量，强度，功率和肌肉质量（ 即涉及细胞信号和肌纤维组成的蛋白质）。
Abstract
该方案描述了同时使用广泛的方法来检查执行短期抵抗训练（RET）的老年人的肌肉有氧能力，葡萄糖耐量，强度和功率。 RET参与者（71±1年，范围65-80）在8周内每周三次监督进行性进行性阻力训练。与没有训练的对照组相比，RET显示了用于指示强度，功率，葡萄糖耐量和肌肉有氧能力的几个参数的措施的改善。在健身房里进行强度训练，健身器材只有健壮的健身器材。用于膝盖伸肌强度的等动力测力计允许测量同步，偏心和静态强度，其为RET组增加（8-12％后和预测试）。在起始0-30毫秒的功率（力发展速度，RFD）也显示出RET组增加（52％）。葡萄糖耐量试验与frequent血糖测量结果显示，RET组在2 h（14％）和曲线下面积（21％）之间的血糖值方面均有改善。血脂异常也有所改善（8％）。从使用组织化学制备的肌肉活检样品中，IIa型纤维的量增加，RET组中IIx的下降趋势反映了纤维组成的氧化性变化。在RET组中，蛋白质印迹（用于确定与肌肉蛋白质合成的信号传导相关的蛋白质含量）在Akt和mTOR中都显示出69％的升高;在RET组中，这也显示OXPHOS复合物II和柠檬酸合酶（均为〜30％）和复合IV（90％）的线粒体蛋白质增加。我们证明这种进行性抵抗训练提供了各种改进（ 例如强度，功率，有氧能力，葡萄糖耐量和血浆脂质分布）。
Introduction
老化与肌肉质量（肌肉减少），力量和功率的丧失有关。力量减弱，甚至更重要的是力量，导致不动，受伤风险增加，生活质量下降。抵抗训练是消除肌肉减少和肌肉功能恶化的一个众所周知的策略。肌肉力量的粗略估计可以从负载或实现的重复次数获得。然而，这项研究使用等动力测力仪获得关于肌肉功能的更详细和准确的信息，以收集关于等轴，同心和偏心收缩的扭矩信息以及力发展的动力学。
在全身水平（VO 2max ）和骨骼肌中的有氧能力在老年人中减少。心率随年龄的下降解释了VO 2max 1减少的很大一部分，但减少了明显的氧化能力，主要与身体活动减少有关2 ，确实有贡献。线粒体功能受损也可能参与肌肉减少症和胰岛素抵抗的发展3 。通过生物化学分析位于基质（ 即柠檬酸合成酶）和内线粒体膜中的线粒体酶和蛋白质复合物的含量，在肌肉活检中评估肌肉需氧量。此外，组织化学技术用于测量阻力训练对肌肉形态的影响（ 即纤维类型组成，纤维横截面积和毛细血管密度）。评估肌肉需氧能力的另一种方法是使用磁共振波谱法测量运动诱导的耗竭后肌酸磷酸盐再合成的速率4 。该方法提供了体内肌肉有氧能力的估计但不能区分线粒体功能障碍和循环系统疾病。此外，设备的高成本限制了在大多数实验室中使用这种技术。 5岁以上老年人耐力运动可以改善有氧能力（VO 2max和线粒体密度）。然而，阻力训练对这些参数的影响较少，特别是在老年受试者中，结果相互矛盾7,8,9,10 。
2型糖尿病是老年人普遍存在的疾病。身体不活动和肥胖是解释2型糖尿病发病率增加的主要生活方式相关因素。低强度有氧运动通常被推荐给具有降低葡萄糖耐量的受试者。但是，这是不对的老年人力量训练如何影响葡萄糖耐量/胰岛素敏感性11,12 。测量胰岛素敏感度的最准确的方法是使用葡萄糖钳夹技术，其中血糖在升高的胰岛素13的条件下通过葡萄糖输注保持恒定。这种技术的缺点是耗时和侵入性（动脉导管插入），需要特殊的实验室设施。在这项研究中，使用了在医疗保健单位中常见的口服葡萄糖耐量试验。这种方法适用于若干受试者在有限的时间内进行调查。
实验程序的测试和时间表可概括如下。使用三个不同的日期进行测试，在八周期间之前和之后，具有相同的安排和大致的时间表（每天≥24小时，< strong>图1）。在第一个测试日，测量：人体测量数据，如身高，身体质量，无脂肪质量（FFM）和大腿周长（ 即，轻度仰卧位顶点髌骨上方15 cm）;次最大循环能力;和膝关节肌肉力量，如步骤4和5所述。在第二次测试当天从大腿进行肌肉活检。有关进一步说明，请参阅步骤6.1。在最后一个测试日测试口服葡萄糖耐量（OGTT）。有关进一步说明，请参阅步骤7.1。要求所有参与者避免24小时的体力活动，并在每个测试日之前快速过夜。然而，要求他们在OGTT测试日前48小时避免剧烈的身体活动。要求他们遵循正常的日常体力活动和饮食习惯。请注意，干预前和干预后，两组自我报告的食物摄入量和食物类型均未变化。
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图1：实验方案。原理图，示意图。每个受试者之间的三个测试前和测试后的时间是相似的，并且至少24小时。更多细节在文中给出。这个数字已经从Frank 等人修改SCAND。 J.Med。科学。体育 2016：26,764-73。 28 请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。
本研究旨在调查老年人短期抵抗训练对肌肉氧化能力和葡萄糖耐量的影响。第二个目的是检查对力量，力量和肌肉质量改善的影响（ 即参与细胞信号传导和肌纤维组成的蛋白质）。
Protocol
瑞典斯德哥尔摩区域伦理委员会批准了调查的设计。 材料招募相对健康的65-80岁的男性和女性，BMI值在20和30 kg·m -2之间 。将其随机分为两组。确保两个人的身体活动水平相对较低（ 即日常身体活动中等，没有定期的运动训练）。 排除β受体阻滞剂使用者和冠状动脉疾病患者以及严重的神经系统或联合问题。 在通知他们在测试和培训课程?…
Representative Results
材料在研究中，21岁相对健康的男性，65-80岁，体重指数在20〜30 kg·m2之间，随机分为两组。两组人员身体活动水平相对较低（ 即日常身体活动水平较低，无规律运动训练）。一组（n = 12,6名女性和6名男性）在训练员身上执行RET，每周三次，共8周，另一组作为对照组（n = 10,5名女性和5名男性）。 RET和CON组在年龄，性别和体…
Discussion
在这项研究中，已经使用了一些技术来研究短期进行性耐力训练对老年受试者的肌肉功能/形态，有氧能力和葡萄糖耐量的影响。主要发现是，与对照组相比，肌肉有氧能力，葡萄糖耐量，强度，功率和肌肉质量（ 即涉及细胞信号和肌纤维组成的蛋白质）都有许多改善。例如：静态，偏心和同心最大膝关节伸展强度（8-12％）;训练负荷（19-72％），最初的力发展速度（RFD）在0-30毫秒（52％）;…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
作者感谢AndréeNienkerk，Dennis Peyron和SebastianSkjöld监督培训课程和几项测试;参加课题;给Tim Crosfield进行语言修订;以及瑞典体育与健康科学学院的经济支持。
Materials
| Western blot | |||
| Pierce 660nm Protein Assay Kit | Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA | 22662 | |
| SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate | Thermo Scientific | 34096 | |
| Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100X) | Thermo Scientific | 78429 | |
| Restore PLUS Western Blot Stripping Buffer | Thermo Scientific | 46430 | |
| Pierce Reversible Protein Stain Kit for PVDF Membranes | Thermo Scientific | 24585 | |
| 10 st – 4–20% Criterion TGX Gel, 18 well, 30 µl | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA | 567-1094 | |
| Immun-Blot PVDF Membrane | Bio-Rad | 162-0177 | |
| Precision Plus Protein Dual Color Standards | Bio-Rad | 161-0374 | |
| 2x Laemmli Sample Buffer | Bio-Rad | 161-0737 | |
| 10x Tris/Glycine | Bio-Rad | 161-0771 | |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol | Bio-Rad | 161-0710 | |
| Tween 20 | Bio-Rad | P1379-250ML | |
| Band analysis with Quantity One version 4.6.3.software | Bio-Rad | ||
| 1% phosphatase inhibitor coctail | Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Antibodies | |||
| mTOR (1:1000) | Cell Signaling, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA | 2983 | |
| Akt (1:1000) | Cell Signaling, Danvers | 9272 | |
| Secondary anti-rabbit and anti-mouse HRP-linked (1:10000) | Cell Signaling, Danvers | ||
| Citrate synthase (CS) (1:1000) | Gene tex, San Antonio, California, USA | ||
| OXPHOS (1:1000) | Abcam, Cambridge, UK | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Equipment – Analysis of muscle samples | |||
| Bullet Blender 1.5 for homogenizing | Next Advance, New York, USA | ||
| Plate reader | Tecan infinite F200 pro, Männedorf, Switzerland | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Histochemistry | |||
| Mayer hematoxylin | HistoLab, Västra Frölunda, Sweden | 1820 | |
| Oil Red o | Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA | 00625-25y | |
| NaCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 793566-2.5 kg | |
| Cobalt Chloride | Sigma-Aldrich | 60818-50G | |
| Amylase | Sigma-Aldrich | A6255-25MG | |
| ATP | Sigma-Aldrich | A2383-5G | |
| Glycine | VWR-chemicals / VWR-international, Spånga, Sweden | 101196X | |
| Calcium Chloride | VWR-chemicals / VWR-international | 22328.262 | |
| Iso-pentane | VWR-chemicals / VWR-international | 24872.298 | |
| Etanol 96% | VWR-chemicals / VWR-international | 20905.296 | |
| NaOH | MERCK, Stockholm, Sweden | 1.06498.1000 | |
| Na acetate | MERCK | 1.06268.1000 | |
| KCl | MERCK | 1.04936.1000 | |
| Ammonium Sulphide | MERCK | U1507042828 | |
| Acetic acid 100% | MERCK | 1.00063.2511 | |
| Schiffs´ Reagent | MERCK | 1.09033.0500 | |
| Periodic acid | MERCK | 1.00524.0025 | |
| Chloroform | MERCK | 1.02445.1000 | |
| pH-meter LANGE | HACH LANGE GMBH, Dusseldorf, Germany | ||
| Light microscope | Olympus BH-2, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan | ||
| Cryostat Leica CM1950 | Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany | ||
| Leica software Leica Qwin V3 | Leica Microsystems | ||
| Gel Doc 2000 – Bio-Rad, camera setup | Bio-Rad Laboratories AB, Solna, Sweden | ||
| Software program Quantift One – 4.6 (version 4.6.3; Bio Rad) | Bio-Rad Laboratories AB, Solna, Sweden | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Oral glucos tolerance test, OGTT | |||
| Glukos APL 75 g | APL, Stockholm, Sweden | 323,188 | |
| Automated analyser Biosen 5140 | EKF Diagnostics, Barleben, Germany | ||
| Insulin and C-peptide in plasma kit ELISA | Mercodia AB, Uppsala Sweden | 10-1132-01, 10-1134-01 | |
| Plate reader | Tecan infinite F200 pro, Männedorf, Switzerland | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Further equipment | |||
| Measures of fat-free-mass | FFM-Tanita T5896, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan | ||
| Strength training equipment for all training exercises | Cybex International Inc., Medway, Massachusetts, USA | ||
| Cycle ergometer | Monark Ergometer 893E, Monark Exercises, Varberg, Sweden | ||
| Heart rate monitor RS800, Polar | Polar Electro OY, Kampele, Finland | ||
| Oxycin-Pro – automatic ergo-spirometric device | Erich Jaeger GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany | ||
| Isokinetic dynamometer, Isomed 2000, knee muscle strength | D&R Ferstl GmbH, Henau, Germany | ||
| CED 1401 data acquisition system and Signal software | Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK | ||
| Software for muscle strength analysis, Spike 2, version 7 | Signal Hound, LA Center, WA, USA | ||
| Statistica software for statistical analyses | Statistica, Stat soft. inc, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Muscle biopsy equipment | |||
| Weil Blakesley conchotome | Wisex, Mölndal, Sweden | ||
| Local anesthesia | Carbocain, 20 mL, 20 mg/mL; Astra Zeneca, Södertälje, Sweden | 169,367 | |
| Surgical Blade | Feather Safety Razor CO, LTD, Osaka, Japan | 11048030 |
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Cite This Article
Andersson, E. A., Frank, P., Pontén, M., Ekblom, B., Ekblom, M., Moberg, M., Sahlin, K. Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People. J. Vis. Exp. (125), e55518, doi:10.3791/55518 (2017).