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Medicine

Målretning grå Rami Communicantes i selektiv kemiske lumbal Sympathectomy

Published: January 10, 2019 doi: 10.3791/58894

Summary

Vi præsenterer en protokol for selektiv kemiske lumbal sympathectomy (CLS), som inaktiverer kun grå rami communicantes og ikke den sympatiske stammen. Selektiv CLS kan hjælpe med at opnå terapeutisk effektivitet i vasodilatation, sved reduktion og smertelindring, der er sammenlignelige med konventionelle CLS, og alvorlige komplikationer, især ureteropelvic skader, kan reduceres.

Abstract

Kemiske lumbal sympathectomy (CLS) er et almindeligt anvendte, minimalt invasiv procedure til behandling af betingelser herunder iskæmisk sygdomme i de nedre ekstremiteter, hyperhidrosis, osv. Det er almindeligt praktiseres for at anbringe punktering nål spids foran den forreste fascia af psoas større muskler og injicere det inactivating agent omkring den sympatiske stammen, der defineres som konventionelle CLS. Selvom relativt sjældne, ureteropelvic skader er den hyppigst rapporterede komplikation af konventionelle CLS og kan forårsage alvorlig skade for patienterne. Vi fandt, at indsprøjte inactivating agenten bag de forreste fascia, som eneste mål grå rami communicantes, hjulpet opnå terapeutisk effektivitet i vasodilatation, sved reduktion og smertelindring sammenlignes med konventionelle CLS, og alvorlig komplikationer var stort set reduceret. Vi definerer denne fremgangsmåde som selektiv CLS. Vi præsenterer her, en protokol af selektiv CLS. Præcise nål tarmkanalen og præcis vurdering af spredning af kontrastmiddel er afgørende for at sikre, at narkotika er injiceres bag de forreste fascia af psoas større muskler. Needle-tip er på cirka en tredjedel skillelinjen af vertebrale kroppen i den laterale opfattelse af en lumbal X-ray. Kontrasten er hovedsageligt begrænset omkring nålen tip og breder sig udad og nedad langs psoas muskel fibre. På denne måde, den forreste fascia giver en naturlig barriere for ureteropelvic området og psoas større muskelmasse giver en naturlig barriere for Columna nerve rod. Der er flere højdepunkter i denne artikel, herunder 1) en detaljeret beskrivelse af de selektive CLS procedurer, 2) en forklaring på det anatomiske grundlag for gennemførelsen af selektiv CLS, og 3) en forklaring på forskellene mellem selektive og konventionelle CLS.

Introduction

Kemiske lumbal sympathectomy (CLS) har vist sig at være en effektiv behandling for iskæmiske sygdomme1,2,3,4,5 herunder thromboangiitis obliterans (undertiden kaldet Buergers sygdom), iskæmisk diabetiske fod, Raynauds sygdom, parmoplantar hyperhidrosis6, erythromelalgia7,8,9, og livedo reticularis10. Det har erstattet åben kirurgi på grund af en række fordele. Det er minimalt invasiv og økonomisk attraktive, det kræver ikke bedøvelse og indlæggelse, og det kan udføres flere gange. Men udsøgt præcision er kritisk. For eksempel er paraplegi blevet rapporteret i CLS ved hjælp af blinde teknik11. Præcisionen af proceduren er væsentligt forbedret med radiographical vejledning til at kontrollere den nøjagtige placering af punktering nål tip og punktere sti og dybde, ved anvendelse af kontrastmidler til at visualisere behandlingsområder. Men selv med radiographical vejledning, skader på tilstødende organer, især ureteropelvic organer12,13,14,15,16, 17,18,19, stadig er rapporteret.

Det er almindeligt praktiseres for at anbringe nål spidsen ud over den forreste fascia af psoas større muskler og injicere stof omkring den sympatiske stammen8,12,13,14,15, som vi definerer som konventionelle CLS. Men fordi placeringen af den sympatiske stammen og ureter er både foran den forreste fascia, inaktivere agenter kan sprede sig til ureter og forårsage skade. I rapporter om ureteropelvic skader, der præsenterede Radiografisk billeder12,13,14,15, var narkotika injiceres foran den forreste fascia, ifølge kontrast spredning.

Baseret på vores forudgående erfaring udfører CLS procedurer, har vi fundet, at målrette grå rami communicantes sammenligneligt effektive og sikrere i forhold til målretning den sympatiske stammen. Grå rami communicantes er postganglioniske sympatiske fibre placeret bag den sympatiske stammen og foran tømmer nerve rod og løber langs den laterale kant af vertebrale kroppen, for det meste inden for psoas store muskler. Således, den forreste fascia giver en god barriere for ureteropelvic området, og psoas større muskelmasse giver en god barriere for Columna nerve rod. Vi definerer denne fremgangsmåde som selektiv CLS, og de tekniske detaljer i selektiv CLS er beskrevet i denne protokol.

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Protocol

Protokollen er blevet godkendt af de lokale medicinsk og etiske udvalg. Proceduren varer ca 15 min. pr. side.

1. betegnelser

  1. Sikre patienten har de følgende indikationer for CLS: thromboangiitis obliterans (Buergers sygdom), iskæmisk diabetiske fod, Raynauds sygdom, parmoplantar hyperhidrosis, erythromelalgia, fantomsmerte eller livedo reticularis af lavere ekstremiteter.

2. kontraindikationer

  1. Udelukke patienten, hvis nogen af de følgende kontraindikationer er opfyldt: spinal deformitet, blødning tendens, enhver infektion i områderne procedure-involveret, ustabile vitale tegn, graviditet eller eventuelle betingelser, der render muligheden for overholdelse af de procedure.

3. Præoperativ forberedelse

  1. Bekræfte tilstedeværelsen af indikationer og manglende kontraindikationer baseret på klinisk og laboratorie resultater.
  2. Få skriftligt, informeret samtykke fra patienten/slægtning.

4. behandling Procedure

  1. Patienternes holdning: sikre, at patienten er i laterale decubitus holdning med siden at være behandlet opad og underekstremiteterne bøjet for at gøre ryggen som strakte som muligt.
  2. Desinfektion: desinficere huden på webstedet planlagte nål punktur (ca 30 cm i diameter) med 2% entoiodine, to gange. Derefter dække patientens tilbage med kirurgisk håndklæder.
  3. Anesthetization af nål tarmkanalen under laterale fluoroskopi vejledning: bedøver huden og hele nål tarmkanalen med 5-8 mL 0,5% lidocain (2% lidocain fortyndet i 0,9% saltvand løsning) uden vasoconstrictors. Forhånd nål under lokalbedøvelse til vertebrale kroppens overflade efterhånden. Placer nålen tip i området optimal injektion.
    Bemærk: Punktering punkt på huden er ca 7-8 cm fra dorsomedial linjen, afhængigt af kropsform. Figur 1 A viser nål tarmkanalen. Figur 1 B viser det optimale injektion område, som er på cirka en tredjedel skillelinjen af vertebrale kroppen i den laterale opfattelse af en lumbal X-ray.
  4. Bekræftelse af nøjagtigheden af nål holdning med kontraststof: efter at have sikret at nålen tip er i optimal område i den laterale opfattelse af en lumbal X-ray, injicere 0,5 mL af kontraststof yderligere evaluere den korrekte position af needle-tip.
    Bemærk: Målet er at holde kontraststof hovedsagelig begrænset til området optimal derefter breder sig langs den psoas store muskel. Distribution af kontrasten langs psoas muskel fibre er markør for vellykket injektion bag de forreste fascia (figur 2).
  5. Injektion af uvirksomme agent, 5% phenol: efter aspiration, for at sikre ingen punktering ulykker, injicere 2 mL 5% vandig opløsning af fenol i optimalområdet (justere nålen tip retning for at sikre 1 mL af phenol breder sig til retning af hovedet og derefter 1 mL phenol i retning af foden). Derefter, trække nålen fra huden og komprimere og dække webstedet punktering med gaze til at opnå hæmostase.
    Bemærk: Trin 4.3 til 4.5 blev udført på L3 og L4, henholdsvis.
  6. Evaluering af effekten af sympatisk afbrydelse: definere tilfredsstillende sympatisk afbrydelse som en stigning på mindst 2 ° C i hud temperatur 5 min efter afslutningen af trin 4.5. Hvis der ikke opnås tilfredsstillende afbrydelse, udføre supplerende injektion til en anden optimalområdet eller L5, med en total phenol volumen ikke større end 10 mL for begge parter. Udføre anden siden på samme måde, hvis det er nødvendigt. Måle den hud temperatur ved hjælp af et infrarødt termometer, og beregne gennemsnittet blandt temperaturstigninger i shin, plantar og dorsale foden.

5. postoperativ pleje

  1. Tilskynde patienten til at drikke vand og ambulate efter afslutningen af proceduren. Kontrollere patienten den følgende dag for ubehag, især i lænd, lyske og lår, og forbedring af symptomer og tegn på primær sygdom. Måle hud temperatur, som beskrevet i trin 4.6. Opfølgning med patienten i overensstemmelse hermed.

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Representative Results

Nål tip skal være i området optimal som vist i figur 1. I selektiv CLS sprøjtes kontrast bag forreste fascia af psoas større muskel, målretning grå rami communicantes. En sammenligning af kontrast spredning i selektiv CLS (A) og konventionelle CLS (B) er vist i figur 2.

De forventede kliniske effekter er vasodilatation (til behandling af Raynauds syndrom, livedo reticularis, thromboangiitis obliterans, iskæmisk diabetiske fod og erythromelalgia; Figur 3), sved reduktion (til behandling af hyperhidrosis) og smertelindring (til behandling af erythromelalgia og fantomsmerter i lemmer).

Figure 1
Figur 1 : Forholdet mellem punktere nål og omkringliggende organer/væv. (A) A diagram af en aksial tømmer CT scanning på niveau med nål-tarmkanalen. Den hvide linje repræsenterer nål tarmkanalen. Det skal bemærkes, at nålen tip når tæt på, men ikke bryde gennem den forreste fascia af psoas muskel (røde bue). A = abdominale aorta, V = ringere vena cava. (B) Lateral Se af en lumbal X-ray. Det grønne område illustrerer den optimale område, som ligger ved siden af de lumbale fartøjer (normalt placeret i midten af vertebrale kroppen vandret), bag de forreste fascia af psoas-musklen og væk fra Columna nerve rod bag vertebrale kroppen. Dette er et sikkert sted, nærmest grå rami communicantes. A = lumbal arterie, V = lumbal vene. Venligst klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

Figure 2
Figur 2 : Sammenligning af kontraststof spredning i X-ray synspunkter mellem selektive CLS (A) og konventionelle CLS (B). (A) selektive CLS. Kontraststof blev sprøjtet bag forreste fascia af psoas muskel. Den lateral udsigt viste, at kontraststof spredt rundt og bag nål-spidsen. Visningen anterior-posterior (AP) viste, at kontraststof diffust udad og nedad langs rum blandt psoas muskel fibre og dannet tynde strimler, skitserer konturen af muskelfibre. (B) konventionelle CLS. Kontraststof blev sprøjtet foran den forreste fascia af psoas muskel. Den laterale opfattelse viste, at kontrasten var koncentreret i løs væv foran nål-spids. Visningen AP viste at kontraststof var koncentreret langs den vertebrale kroppen, dermed overlapper med vertebrale kroppen X ray mener, og ikke diffuse udad. Venligst klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

Figure 3
Figur 3 : Klinisk observation efter selektiv CLS i højre side af en patient med erythromelalgia. Patientens blodkarrene udspilede, hud temperatur steg, og huden var rosenrødt og tør på den rigtige led. Derimod var huden fugtig og kold med en lille violaceous hudfarve til venstre uden behandling. Venligst klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

Figure 4
Figur 4 : Anatomisk illustration af sympatiske stammen og grå rami communicantes. (A) anatomisk, psoas muskel er knyttet til den laterale side af vertebrale kroppen og den lumbal disk (LD). I denne illustration, de fleste af de forreste fascia af psoas muskel er fjernet, udsætter psoas muskel. Den lumbale sympatiske stammen, placeret foran den forreste fascia og støder op til den abdominale aorta (lige lumbal sympatiske stammen støder op til ringere vena cava, ikke vist). De udvidet lænde sympatisk ganglier (SG), er også synlige. (B) med psoas muskel fjernet fra ydersiden af vertebrale kroppen, lænde blodkar og grå rami communicantes dækket i den dybe side af psoas muskel er udsat. Grå rami communicantes stammer fra de sympatiske ganglier, strækker sig gennem den forreste fascia, udvide bagud langs den laterale kant af vertebrale kroppen, omgiver de lumbale blodkar og endelig slutte Columna nerve rødder. Venligst klik her for at se en større version af dette tal.

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Discussion

Her klassificere vi CLS som enten konventionel eller selektiv CLS, med den store forskel er målretning af sympatiske stammen vs. grå rami communicantes (injektion af phenol foran vs. bag de forreste fascia af psoas større muskel). Vi har implementeret selektiv CLS i unge, kvindelige patienter med livedo reticularis10, børn med erythromelalgia7,9, og senile patienter med slutstadiet åreforkalkning obliterans og højrisiko co-morbiditet, og vi har bekræftet sin langvarige, gavnlige effekter og sikkerhed.

Ureteropelvic skader er den hyppigst rapporterede komplikation af CLS. Der har været mere end 10 tilfælde rapporteret12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19. I en rapport, forekomsten blev rapporteret som 1,24% (3 fibrotisk ureter stenoses ud af 241 CT-vejledt CLS)16, og forfatteren konkluderede, at skader på ureter kan følge selv når proceduren er teknisk tilfredsstillende. Selvom relativt sjældne, denne komplikation er alvorlige og forårsager store skader på patienten. I selektiv CLS, kan forreste fascia give en naturlig beskyttende barriere af vigtige organer som ureter, abdominal aorta og ringere vena cava. I vores hospital, er der aldrig sket ureteropelvic skade i mere end 300 CLS procedurer.

Risikoen for sympatiske stammen inaktivering er blevet anerkendt i thorax sympathectomy, og selektiv sympathicotomy (ramicotomy) er blevet rapporteret under video-assisteret torakoskopiske kirurgi20,21,22 . Den anatomiske distribution af tømmer sympatiske nerver er forskellig fra thorax nerver, hvilket gør gennemførelsen af selektiv CLS muligt (Se figur 4 og forklaring nedenfor).

Den lumbale sympatiske stammen er beliggende foran den forreste fascia af psoas-musklen, og denne placering er relativt fast (figur 1, figur 4). De lumbale sympatisk ganglier har dog store variationer i deres relative positioner til den vertebrale kroppen og numre (2-6 i den almindelige befolkning, oftest 4, maksimalt 8) mellem forskellige individer. Selv inden for den samme person er distribution af dorsalrodsganglier ikke nødvendigvis symmetriske. I nogle tilfælde ganglierne er beliggende ved siden af vertebrale organer, og i andre, de er placeret ved siden af lænde-diske. Grå rami communicantes stammer fra de sympatiske ganglier, og de relative positioner til den vertebrale kroppen hvor de kommer fra er meget varierende, også. De relative positioner til vertebrale organer fra hvor communicantes flette ind i Columna nerve rødder har tendens til at være konsekvent, fordi placeringen af Columna nerve rødder er faste. Dette gør det muligt at målrette grå rami communicantes uden åben kirurgi.

Optimal injektion område (figur 1) undgår også med held lumbal arterier og vener på tværs af vertebrale kroppen, mindske risikoen for operativ og postoperativ blødning. Endnu vigtigere, bliver psoas muskel knyttet til den laterale side af vertebrale kroppen en naturlig beskyttende barriere af Columna nerve rod, beskytte Columna nerve rod bag psoas muskel og sikre, at ingen større nerveskader opstår.

Der har været nogen komplikationer end milde forbigående genitofemoral neuralgi, som fandt sted i mindre end 20% af alle sager behandlet af valgte CLS, og alle spontant løst inden for et par dage på vores hospital. Forekomst, intensitet og varighed rapporteret i litteraturen var meget varierende, med intervaller mellem 5% og 66%, fra mild til væsentlig og varig dage til år2,23,24,25, 26,27,28. Genitofemoral nerve stammer fra L1/L2 segmenter af lumbale plexus, derefter passerer nedad og fremad langs psoas muskel og gennem den forreste fascia af psoas muskel på ca L3-niveau. Indsprøjte en lille mængde af stoffet bag de forreste fascia på L3/L4 falde teoretisk chance og graden af genitofemoral nerveskader.

Kuntzs fibre har fået skylden for kirurgisk svigt i endothoracic sympathectomy29. Der er ingen offentliggjorte rapporter på kuntzs fibre i tømmer sympatiske nerve. For at sikre tilfredsstillende og vedvarende sympatisk afbrydelse i CLS, anbefales det at injicere 2 mL af fenol i området optimal (figur 1B) i retninger af både hoved og fødder. Desuden, hvis sympatiske afbrydelse ikke er tilfredsstillende, det anbefales at injicere supplerende phenol til et andet optimal område eller på L5, som foretrækkes frem for tilførsel af en højere dosis i samme område. I denne henseende, chancerne for at inaktivere grå rami communicantes forhøjes meget, og en højere grad af sikkerhed kan opnås.

Grå rami communicantes er unmyelinated nerver, som er mere sårbare over for phenol i forhold til myelinerede nerver. Vores erfaring er 2 mL 5% fenol normalt tilstrækkeligt for hver injektionsstedet. Vi har brugt en 4 mL injektion i en tidligere sag, og vi sænket efterhånden beløbet til 2 mL.

I sammendrag, vi beskrive proceduren for selektiv CLS, som er rettet mod grå rami communicantes og ikke den sympatiske stammen, og vi understrege forreste fascia af psoas store muskler som en beskyttende barriere, når du udfører selektiv CLS. Den præcise nål tarmkanalen, nøjagtig evaluering af kontraststof breder sig, og flere injektioner med små doser af phenol er alle vigtige for at sikre succes for selektiv CLS.

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Disclosures

Forfatterne har ikke noget at oplyse.

Acknowledgments

Dette arbejde er finansieret af tilskud fra Peking Universitet tredje Hospital videnskabelige Research Foundation for de returnerede oversøiske lærde (Grant nr: 77434-01, lang Zhang) og Beijing videregående uddannelse unge Elite lærer projekt (Grant nr: YETP0072, Wen-Hui Wang).

Materials

Name Company Catalog Number Comments
10 cm 9# puncture needle Peking University Third Hospital Not Applicable 7# for children
5% Phenol diluted in aqueous solution Peking University Third Hospital Not Applicable 10 mL
Aseptic puncture kit Peking University Third Hospital Not Applicable 6 pieces of surgical towel, gauze, cotton balls, blood vessel forceps, etc.
Infrared frontal thermometer  OMRON health care (China) Co.,Ltd. MC-720
Iodophors skin disinfectants  Shanghai Likang Disinfectant Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. 20180404
Sterile surgical gloves Beijing Ruijing Latex products Co., Ltd.  2018070352

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References

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Medicin spørgsmål 143 kemiske lumbal sympathectomy komplikation grå rami communicante minimalt invasive ramicotomy sympatiske stammen
Målretning grå Rami Communicantes i selektiv kemiske lumbal Sympathectomy
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Cite this Article

Wang, W. H., Zhang, L., Dong, G. X., More

Wang, W. H., Zhang, L., Dong, G. X., Zhao, J., Li, X. Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy. J. Vis. Exp. (143), e58894, doi:10.3791/58894 (2019).

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  • Research • Medicine
    Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation
  • Research • Medicine
    Digital Handwriting Analysis of Characters in Chinese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
  • Research • Medicine
    Segmentation and Linear Measurement for Body Composition Analysis using Slice-O-Matic and Horos
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound for Painful Bone Metastases
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Viable Adipocytes and Stromal Vascular Fraction from Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Suitable for RNA Analysis and Macrophage Phenotyping
  • Research • Medicine
    Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length
  • Research • Medicine
    Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
  • Research • Medicine
    Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor
  • Research • Medicine
    Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
  • Research • Medicine
    Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit
  • Research • Medicine
    Validated LC-MS/MS Panel for Quantifying 11 Drug-Resistant TB Medications in Small Hair Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
  • Research • Biology
    A Finite Element Approach for Locating the Center of Resistance of Maxillary Teeth
  • Research • Medicine
    Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Whole Body Dosimetry Protocol for Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): 2D Planar Image and Hybrid 2D+3D SPECT/CT Image Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
  • Research • Medicine
    Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory
  • Research • Medicine
    DIPLOMA Approach for Standardized Pathology Assessment of Distal Pancreatectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills
  • Research • Medicine
    Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasonographic Assessment During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Patient Directed Recording of a Bipolar Three-Lead Electrocardiogram using a Smartwatch with ECG Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biopsy Data to Guide Sampling Procedures for Prostate Cancer Biobanking
  • Research • Medicine
    A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Mapping of Specific Ventilation in the Human Lung using Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Oxygen as a Contrast Agent
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Portable Thermographic Screening for Detection of Acute Wallenberg's Syndrome
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of MRI-ultrasound Fusion to Achieve Targeted Prostate Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Testing of all Six Semicircular Canals with Video Head Impulse Test Systems
  • Research • Medicine
    Protocol and Guidelines for Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Diagnosing Neonatal Pulmonary Diseases Based on International Expert Consensus
  • Research • Neuroscience
    Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Targeting Gray Rami Communicantes in Selective Chemical Lumbar Sympathectomy
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
  • Research • Medicine
    Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurements of Motor Function and Other Clinical Outcome Parameters in Ambulant Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of the Efficacy of An Osteopathic Treatment in Infants with Biomechanical Impairments to Suckling
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative [18F]-Naf-PET-MRI Analysis for the Evaluation of Dynamic Bone Turnover in a Patient with Facetogenic Low Back Pain
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Human 3D Lung Tissue Cultures (3D-LTCs) for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
  • Research • Medicine
    Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship
  • Research • Medicine
    Two-Dimensional X-Ray Angiography to Examine Fine Vascular Structure Using a Silicone Rubber Injection Compound
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation, Procedures and Evaluation of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
  • Research • Medicine
    Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 7 Tesla
  • Research • Medicine
    Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
  • Research • Medicine
    Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
  • Research • Medicine
    Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
  • Research • Medicine
    'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake
  • Research • Medicine
    Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Quantification System
  • Research • Medicine
    Bedside Ultrasound for Guiding Fluid Removal in Patients with Pulmonary Edema: The Reverse-FALLS Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
  • Research • Medicine
    Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness
  • Research • Medicine
    Standardized Measurement of Nasal Membrane Transepithelial Potential Difference (NPD)
  • Research • Medicine
    Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing
  • Research • Medicine
    Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Physiological Parameters Acquisition and Analysis in Neurosurgical Critical Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia
  • Research • Medicine
    Application of an Amplitude-integrated EEG Monitor (Cerebral Function Monitor) to Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
  • Research • Medicine
    A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
  • Research • Medicine
    A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Assessments of Subjective and Objective Recovery Characteristics Following an Exhaustive Jump Protocol
  • Research • Medicine
    Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
  • Research • Medicine
    Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Induction and Assessment of Exertional Skeletal Muscle Damage in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
  • Research • Medicine
    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
  • Research • Medicine
    Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
  • Research • Medicine
    Transthoracic Speckle Tracking Echocardiography for the Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation
  • Research • Medicine
    Impression Cytology of the Lid Wiper Area
  • Research • Behavior
    A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans
  • Research • Medicine
    Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
  • Research • Medicine
    Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera
  • Research • Medicine
    Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
  • Research • Medicine
    Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
  • Research • Medicine
    Exosomal miRNA Analysis in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients' Plasma Through qPCR: A Feasible Liquid Biopsy Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
  • Research • Medicine
    Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
  • Research • Medicine
    Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise
  • Research • Medicine
    Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)
  • Research • Medicine
    MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
  • Research • Medicine
    Functional Human Liver Preservation and Recovery by Means of Subnormothermic Machine Perfusion
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test
  • Research • Medicine
    Use of Electromagnetic Navigational Transthoracic Needle Aspiration (E-TTNA) for Sampling of Lung Nodules
  • Research • Medicine
    Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
  • Research • Medicine
    Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images
  • Research • Medicine
    Preparation and Respirometric Assessment of Mitochondria Isolated from Skeletal Muscle Tissue Obtained by Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
  • Research • Medicine
    A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Immortalization of Patient-derived Cell Lines from Muscle Biopsy for Disease Modeling
  • Research • Medicine
    State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
  • Research • Medicine
    Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
  • Research • Medicine
    The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
  • Research • Medicine
    Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
  • Research • Medicine
    Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
  • Research • Medicine
    DTI of the Visual Pathway - White Matter Tracts and Cerebral Lesions
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
  • Research • Medicine
    A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
  • Research • Medicine
    Clinical Assessment of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients and Older Adults
  • Research • Medicine
    Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing
  • Research • Medicine
    Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement
  • Research • Medicine
    Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
  • Research • Medicine
    Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Coordinate Mapping of Hyolaryngeal Mechanics in Swallowing
  • Research • Medicine
    Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  • Research • Medicine
    EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
  • Research • Medicine
    The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
  • Research • Medicine
    Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
  • Research • Medicine
    Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Research • Medicine
    Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
  • Research • Medicine
    Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters
  • Research • Medicine
    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
  • Research • Medicine
    A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting Saliva and Measuring Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase in Frail Community Residing Older Adults via Family Caregivers
  • Research • Medicine
    Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Analysis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Research • Medicine
    Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Retinal Surgical Specimens Using jouRNAl
  • Research • Medicine
    Improved Protocol For Laser Microdissection Of Human Pancreatic Islets From Surgical Specimens
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment (RMCA) in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
  • Research • Medicine
    Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing
  • Research • Medicine
    Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Activity in Children
  • Research • Medicine
    Collecting And Measuring Wound Exudate Biochemical Mediators In Surgical Wounds
  • Research • Medicine
    A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
  • Research • Medicine
    Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment
  • Research • Medicine
    Characterizing Exon Skipping Efficiency in DMD Patient Samples in Clinical Trials of Antisense Oligonucleotides
  • Research • Medicine
    In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
  • Research • Medicine
    Normothermic Ex Situ Heart Perfusion in Working Mode: Assessment of Cardiac Function and Metabolism
  • Research • Medicine
    Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats
  • Research • Medicine
    Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
  • Research • Medicine
    Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants
  • Research • Medicine
    Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
  • Research • Medicine
    Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods
  • Research • Medicine
    Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
  • Research • Medicine
    The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Collection Protocol for Human Pancreas
  • Research • Medicine
    The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
  • Research • Medicine
    The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Donor Tissue Preparation for Endothelial Keratoplasty
  • Research • Medicine
    Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)
  • Research • Medicine
    Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism
  • Research • Medicine
    Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
  • Research • Medicine
    Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System
  • Research • Medicine
    Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
  • Research • Medicine
    Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
  • Research • Medicine
    The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress
  • Research • Medicine
    Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  • Research • Medicine
    Multifocal Electroretinograms
  • Research • Medicine
    Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
  • Research • Medicine
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
  • Research • Medicine
    Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
  • Research • Medicine
    Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
  • Research • Medicine
    A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  • Research • Medicine
    An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
  • Research • Medicine
    Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
  • Research • Medicine
    Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
  • Research • Medicine
    Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology
  • Research • Medicine
    Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue
  • Research • Medicine
    Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
  • Research • Medicine
    Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
  • Research • Medicine
    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
  • Research • Biology
    Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees
  • Research • Biology
    Demonstration of Cutaneous Allodynia in Association with Chronic Pelvic Pain
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