Summary

急性护理科老年患者日常生活活动依赖性评价

Published: September 30, 2020
doi:

Summary

在严重的医疗问题期间,老年人可能会失去日常生活活动的独立性。对基线ADL和ADL入院的评估可以指导个性化的治疗计划,旨在预防诺索体依赖,并确保更好的功能结果。

Abstract

在严重的医疗问题中,老年人可能会失去功能独立性。ADL 天平用于评估这种独立性损失。最简单、最方便的ADL量表是Katz指数,它测量了六个ADL:洗澡、穿衣、上厕所、转移、节制和喂食。ADL 分数较低表示功能独立性损失较大。急性医疗问题(基线)之前的ADL评分通过询问患者或护理人员进行估计,然后将该分数与入院时的分数进行比较。应从入院到出院对ADL评分进行监测,以便及早发现功能独立性的变化。在住院前和住院期间识别任何功能独立性损失,可向护理人员提供有关短期死亡风险和并发症的风险以及住院后预后的信息。

Introduction

医疗问题可能导致老年人失去功能独立性,使他们在没有他人帮助的情况下无法开展日常生活活动。这种独立性的丧失,往往由心血管合并症1、认知障碍,2、32视力障碍4导致,影响患者生活质量5和预期寿命6,并增加医疗成本7。功能独立性可能逐渐恶化,或完全丧失,更严重的合并症(认知障碍,心力衰竭等)。在急性医疗问题(如中风、心肌梗塞、下肢骨折或胸部感染)期间,它也可能会恶化。在70至80岁的病人中,约有30%和80岁以上的病人中,有60%在9至10岁住院期间,丧失独立性。患者可以恢复在急性医疗问题之前所享有的功能独立性,或者尽管治疗得当,功能可能持续。

人们普遍认为,在急性医疗问题住院期间维持或恢复功能独立的治疗,如果尽快启动,是最有效的。住院期间的体育锻炼可改善中短期12、13,的功能。在住院人群中,ADL测量的评分与肌肉氧化能力和肌肉功能1有关。因此,在住院早期评估患者的功能独立性是一个优先事项;然后,此评估应与患者住院前的 ADL 独立性水平(基线)进行比较。医疗,特别是护理,旨在恢复任何丧失独立性或维持现有水平。这需要可靠和可重复的评估方法;为此目的最常用的衡量标准是日常生活活动中的卡茨独立性指数(Katz ADL)。

Katz ADL 于 1970 年开发,它允许评估患者独立执行基本 ADL 的能力15,,16。该秤衡量患者在六项活动中的独立性:洗澡、穿衣、上厕所、转移、节制和喂养。每个活动得分为 0 或 1,其中 0 的分数表示对另一个人的依赖,1 表示独立性。卡茨 ADL 总分 6 表示完全独立,4 分中等依赖,分数 2 或更少的严重依赖。

多年来,Katz ADL 在评估老年人功能状况方面已被证明是有用的。首先,Katz ADL 评估执行非常简单,涉及询问患者或家庭成员有关患者执行六项 ADL 活动的能力,或直接观察患者执行这些活动的能力 17。此外,在急性医疗问题期间,Katz ADL 指数对健康状况的主要变化(但对轻微变化)很敏感。因此,此工具是评估急性医疗问题对患者功能状态的影响的理想之选,无论其慢性疾病如何。

当在急性医疗问题的第一天开始康复时,有必要确定患者功能衰退的程度。为此,我们建议在住院前通过面谈评估每位患者的功能状态,并在住院后的第一天内通过观察评估执行ADL的能力。这两项评估可指导早期预防和康复措施,同时制定急性事件护理计划。这些措施促进功能独立性恢复的有效性可以通过反复的ADL评估来监测,直到放电。

Protocol

该议定书已获波尔多大学医院人类研究伦理委员会批准。 注意:本节中描述的协议涉及使用 Katz ADL 评估 ADL 依赖性。评估的六项活动于上文第十八条所述。Katz ADL 在波尔多大学医院接受和出院时,所有 75 岁患者,即所有急性老年医学病房的患者进行住院治疗。老年病住院病人的患有多种合并症,建议工作人员评估所有此类患者。从理论上讲,Katz ADL 可以给?…

Representative Results

在这里,我们考虑两个完成协议后的示例案例:一个在放电时完全恢复 ADL 函数的基线级别,另一个在未恢复或部分恢复的情况下。 使用 ADL 函数的基线级别释放在这组患者中,有两个 ADL 功能轨迹是可能的, 如图 1 所示:在整个住院期间保持 ADL 评分的患者(轨迹 A)和住院时得分低于基线的患者,但通过出院恢复其基线功能水平的患者…

Discussion

该协议并非适合所有情况
我们的协议是为因急性医疗问题住院的患者设计的。然而,其他工具,如巴特尔指数,应该用于康复中心。原始 Katz ADL 秤仅以 7 分刻度(0+6 的分数)对功能能力进行评分;因此,功能依赖的细微波动可能会被忽视。巴特尔指数通常与Katz ADL相当,它产生加权和汇总分数。Barthel 指数还评估了 Katz ADL 量表中包含的六项活动,但存在以下几个差异:肠和膀胱控?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

波尔多大学和波尔多大学医院支持这一出版物。

Materials

Clothing and underwear Any
Hospital Bathroom with toilet
Meal Tray
Medical Bed Any
Medical Chair Any
Papers
Pens
Table Bed Any

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Cite This Article
Bailly, V., Bourdel-Marchasson, I. Assessment of Dependence in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Patients in an Acute Care Unit. J. Vis. Exp. (163), e61249, doi:10.3791/61249 (2020).

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