Elektrisk-felt-induceret neurale prækursor celle differentiering i mikrofluidiske enheder
Summary
I denne undersøgelse præsenterer vi en protokol for differentiering af neurale stamceller og stamceller (NPC’ere), der udelukkende er fremkaldt af jævnstrøms (DC) pulsstimulation i et mikrofluidisk system.
Abstract
Fysiologiske elektriske felter (EF) spiller afgørende roller i cellemigration, differentiering, division og død. Dette papir beskriver et mikrofluidisk cellekultursystem, der blev brugt til en langsigtet celledifferentieringsundersøgelse ved hjælp af mikroskopi. Det mikrofluidiske system består af følgende hovedkomponenter: en optisk gennemsigtig elektrotaktisk chip, en gennemsigtig indium-tin-oxid (ITO) varmelegeme, en kultur mediefyldningspumpe, en elektrisk strømforsyning, en højfrekvent effektforstærker, en EF-multiplexer, en programmerbar X-Y-Z motoriseret fase og et omvendt fasekontrastmikroskop udstyret med et digitalt kamera. Det mikrofluidiske system er gavnligt med hensyn til at forenkle den overordnede eksperimentelle opsætning og til gengæld reagens- og prøveforbruget. Dette arbejde indebærer differentiering af neurale stamceller og stamceller (NPC’er) induceret af jævnstrøm (DC) pulsstimulation. I stamcellevedligeholdelsesmediet differentierede musens NPC’er (mNPC’er) sig til neuroner, astrocytter og oligodendrocytter efter DC-pulsstimulationen. Resultaterne tyder på, at simpel DC puls behandling kunne kontrollere skæbnen for MNPC’er og kan bruges til at udvikle terapeutiske strategier for nervesystemet lidelser. Systemet kan bruges til cellekultur i flere kanaler, til langsigtet EF-stimulering, til cellemorfologiske observationer og til automatisk time-lapse billedopsamling. Dette mikrofluidiske system forkorter ikke kun den krævede forsøgstid, men øger også nøjagtigheden af kontrollen med mikromiljøet.
Introduction
Neurale prækursorceller (NPC’ere, også kendt som neurale stamceller og stamceller) kan være som en lovende kandidat til neurodegenerativ terapeutisk strategi1. De udifferentierede NPC’ere har selvfornyelseskapacitet , multistyrke og proliferativ evne2,3. En tidligere undersøgelse har rapporteret, at den ekstracellulære matrix og molekylære mæglere regulere differentiering af NPC. Den epidermale vækstfaktor (EGF) og den grundlæggende fibroblastvækstfaktor (bFGF) fremmer NPC-spredning og opretholder dermed den udifferentierede tilstand4.
Tidligere undersøgelser har rapporteret, at elektrisk stimulation kan regulere cellefysiologiske aktiviteter som division5, migration6,7,8, differentiering1,9,10og celledød11. Elektriske felter (EFs) spiller afgørende roller i udviklingen og regenerering af centralnervesystemet udvikling12,13,14. Fra 2009 til 2019 har dette laboratorium undersøgt cellulære reaktioner på anvendelsen af EF i det mikrofluidiske system1,6, 7,8,15,16,17. En multikanal, optisk gennemsigtig, elektrotaktisk (MOE) chip er designet til at være egnet til immunfluorescens farvning til konfokal mikroskopi. Chippen havde høj optisk gennemsigtighed og god holdbarhed og tillod samtidig udførelse af tre uafhængige stimulationseksperimenter og flere immunostained betingelser i en enkelt undersøgelse. Det mikrofluidiske system er gavnligt med hensyn til at forenkle den overordnede eksperimentelle opsætning og til gengæld reagens- og prøveforbruget. Dette papir beskriver udviklingen af et mikrofluidisk cellekultursystem, der blev brugt til en langsigtet celledifferentieringsundersøgelse.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Under fremstillingen af MOE-chippen fastgøres adapterne til MOE-chippens lag 1 med hurtigtvirkende cyanoacrylatlim. Limen påføres 4 hjørner af adapterne, og derefter påføres trykket jævnt over adapterne. Overskydende mængde lim skal undgås for at sikre fuldstændig polymerisering af limen. Desuden inkuberes den færdige MOE-chipsamling i et vakuumkammer. Dette trin hjælper med at fjerne boblerne mellem PMMA-laget, det dobbeltsidede bånd og dækglasset.
Valget af elektrodematerialet …
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Forfatterne takker professor Tang K. Tang, Institut for Biomedicinske Videnskaber, Academia Sinica, for hans hjælp til at give mus neurale stamceller og stamceller (mNPC’er). Forfatterne takker også professor Tang K. Tang og Ms Ying-Shan Lee, for deres værdifulde diskussion om differentiering af MNPC’er.
Materials
| 1 mm PMMA substrates (Layers 1-3) | BHT | K2R20 | Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), http://www.bothharvest.com/zh-tw/product-421076/Optical-PMMA-Non-Coated-BHT-K2Rxx-xx=-thickness-choices.html |
| 15 mL plastic tube | Protech Technology Enterprise Co., Ltd | CT-15-PL-TW | Conical bottomed tube with cap, assembled, presterilized |
| 3 mL syringe | TERUMO | DVR-3413 | 3 mL oral syringes, without needle |
| 3 mm optical grade PMMA (Layer 5) | CHI MEI Corporation | ACRYPOLY PMMA Sheet | Optical grade PMMA |
| 3-way stopcock | NIPRO | NCN-3L | Sterile disposable 3-way stopcock |
| 5 mL syringe | TERUMO | DVR-3410 | 5 mL oral syringes, without needle |
| Adaptor | Dong Zhong Co., Ltd. | Customized | PMMA adaptor |
| Agarose | Sigma-Aldrich | A9414 | Agarose, low gelling temperature |
| Amplifier | A.A. Lab Systems Ltd | A-304 | High voltage amplifier |
| AutoCAD software | Autodesk | Educational Version | Drafting |
| B-27 supplement | Gibco | 12587-010 | B-27 supplement (50x), minus vitamin A |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | Peprotech | AF-100-18B | Also called recombinant human FGF-basic |
| Black rubber bung | TERUMO | DVR-3413 | From 3 mL oral syringes, without needle |
| Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Sigma-Aldrich | B4287 | Blocking reagent |
| Centrifuge | HSIANGTAI | CV2060 | Centrifuge |
| CO2 laser scriber | Laser Tools and Technics Corp. | ILS-II | Purchased from http://www.lttcorp.com/index.htm |
| Cone connector | IDEX Health & Science | F-120X | One-piece fingertight 10-32 coned, for 1/16" OD natural |
| Cone-Luer adaptor | IDEX Health & Science | P-659 | Luer Adapter 10-32 Female to Female Luer, PEEK |
| Confocal fluorescence microscope | Leica Microsystems | TCS SP5 | Leica TCS SP5 user manual, http://www3.unifr.ch/bioimage/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/User-Manual_TCS_SP5_V02_EN.pdf |
| Digital camera | OLYMPUS | E-330 | Automatic time-lapse image acquisition |
| Digital oscilloscope | Tektronix | TDS2024 | Measure voltage or current signals over time in an electronic circuit or component to display amplitude and frequency. |
| Double-sided tape | 3M | PET 8018 | Purchased from http://en.thd.com.tw/ |
| Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Ham's nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) | Gibco | 12400024 | DMEM/F-12, powder, HEPES |
| Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) | Gibco | 21600010 | DPBS, powder, no calcium, no magnesium |
| EF multiplexer | Asiatic Sky Co., Ltd. | Customized | Monitor and control the electric current in individual channels |
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | Peprotech | AF-100-15 | Also called recombinant human EGF |
| Fast-acting cyanoacrylate glue | 3M | 7004T | Strength instant adhesive (liquid) |
| Flat bottom connector | IDEX Health & Science | P-206 | Flangeless male nut Delrin, 1/4-28 flat-bottom, for 1/16" OD blue |
| Function generator | Agilent Technologies | 33120A | High-performance 15 MHz synthesized function generator with built-in arbitrary waveform capability |
| Goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 488) | Abcam | ab150117 | Goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 488) preadsorbed |
| Goat anti-rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 555) | Abcam | ab150086 | Goat polyclonal secondary antibody to rabbit IgG – H&L (Alexa Fluor 555), preadsorbed |
| Hoechst 33342 | Invitrogen | H3570 | Nuclear staining |
| ImageJ software | National Institutes of Health | 1.48v | Analyze the fluorescent images |
| Indium–tin–oxide (ITO) glass | Merck | 300739 | For ITO heater |
| Inverted phase contrast microscope | OLYMPUS | CKX41 | For cell morphology observation |
| K-type thermocouple | Tecpel | TPK-02A | Temperature thermocouples |
| Luer adapter | IDEX Health & Science | P618-01 | Luer adapter female Luer to 1/4-28 male polypropylene |
| Luer lock syringe | TERUMO | DVR-3413 | For agar salt bridges |
| Mouse anti-GFAP | eBioscience | 14-9892 | Astrocytes marker |
| Oligodendrocyte marker O4 antibody | R&D Systems | MAB1326 | Oligodendrocytes marker |
| Paraformaldehyde (PFA) | Sigma-Aldrich | P6148 | Fixing agent |
| Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | Basic Life | BL2651 | Washing solution |
| Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) | SIGMA | P4707 | Coating solution |
| Precision cover glasses thickness No. 1.5H | MARIENFELD | 107242 | https://www.marienfeld-superior.com/precision-cover-glasses-thickness-no-1-5h-tol-5-m.html |
| Programmable X-Y-Z motorised stage | Tanlian Inc | Customized | Purchased from http://www.tanlian.tw/ndex.files/motort.htm |
| Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller | Toho Electronics | TTM-J4-R-AB | Temperature controller |
| PTFE tube | Professional Plastics Inc. Taiwan Branch | Outer diameter 1/16 Inches | White translucent PTFE tubing |
| Rabbit anti-Tuj1 | Abcam | ab18207 | Neuron marker |
| Syringe pump | New Era Systems Inc | NE-1000 | NE-1000 programmable single syringe pump |
| TFD4 detergent | FRANKLAB | TFD4 | Cover glass cleaner |
| Thermal bonder | Kuan-MIN Tech Co. | Customized | Purchased from http://kmtco.com.tw/ |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | T8787 | Permeabilized solution |
| Ultrasonic cleaner | LEO | LEO-300S | Ultrasonic steri-cleaner |
| Vacuum chamber | DENG YNG INSTRUMENTS CO., Ltd. | DOV-30 | Vacuum drying oven |
| White fingertight plug | IDEX Health & Science | P-316 | 1/4-28 Flat-Bottom, https://www.idex-hs.com/store/fluidics/fluidic-connections/plug-teflonr-pfa-1-4-28-flat-bottom.html |
References
- Chang, H. F., Lee, Y. S., Tang, T. K., Cheng, J. Y. Pulsed DC electric field-induced differentiation of cortical neural precursor cells. PLoS One. 11 (6), e0158133 (2016).
- Li, S., Li, H., Wang, Z. Orientation of spiral ganglion neurite extension in electrical fields of charge-balanced biphasic pulses and direct current in vitro. Hearing research. 267 (1-2), 111-118 (2010).
- Rajnicek, A. M., Robinson, K. R., McCaig, C. D. The direction of neurite growth in a weak DC electric field depends on the substratum: contributions of adhesivity and net surface charge. Developmental biology. 203 (2), 412-423 (1998).
- Kim, Y. H., et al. Differential regulation of proliferation and differentiation in neural precursor cells by the Jak pathway. Stem Cells. 28 (10), 1816-1828 (2010).
- Cunha, F., Rajnicek, A. M., McCaig, C. D. Electrical stimulation directs migration, enhances and orients cell division and upregulates the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR2 in endothelial cells. Journal of Vascular Research. 56 (1), 39-53 (2019).
- Chang, H. F., Cheng, H. T., Chen, H. Y., Yeung, W. K., Cheng, J. Y. Doxycycline inhibits electric field-induced migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 8094 (2019).
- Tsai, H. F., Peng, S. W., Wu, C. Y., Chang, H. F., Cheng, J. Y. Electrotaxis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in a multiple-electric-field chip with uniform flow field. Biomicrofluidics. 6 (3), 34116 (2012).
- Huang, C. W., Cheng, J. Y., Yen, M. H., Young, T. H. Electrotaxis of lung cancer cells in a multiple-electric-field chip. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 24 (12), 3510-3516 (2009).
- Jing, W., et al. Study of electrical stimulation with different electric-field intensities in the regulation of the differentiation of PC12 cells. American Chemical Society Chemical Neuroscience. 10 (1), 348-357 (2019).
- Guo, W., et al. Self-powered electrical stimulation for enhancing neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hybrid microfibers. American Chemical Society Nano. 10 (5), 5086-5095 (2016).
- Manabe, M., Mie, M., Yanagida, Y., Aizawa, M., Kobatake, E. Combined effect of electrical stimulation and cisplatin in HeLa cell death. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 86 (6), 661-666 (2004).
- Liu, M., et al. Protective effect of moderate exogenous electric field stimulation on activating netrin-1/DCC expression against mechanical stretch-induced injury in spinal cord neurons. Neurotoxicity Research. 34 (2), 285-294 (2018).
- Haan, N., Song, B. Therapeutic application of electric fields in the injured nervous system. Advances in Wound Care. 3 (2), 156-165 (2014).
- Ariza, C. A., et al. The influence of electric fields on hippocampal neural progenitor cells. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 6 (4), 585-600 (2010).
- Huang, C. W., et al. Gene expression of human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 in response to a direct current electric field. PLoS One. 6 (10), e25928 (2011).
- Sun, Y. S., Peng, S. W., Lin, K. H., Cheng, J. Y. Electrotaxis of lung cancer cells in ordered three-dimensional scaffolds. Biomicrofluidics. 6 (1), 14102-14114 (2012).
- Hou, H. S., Chang, H. F., Cheng, J. Y. Electrotaxis studies of lung cancer cells using a multichannel dual-electric-field microfluidic chip. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 106, e53340 (2015).
- Cheng, J. Y., Yen, M. H., Hsu, W. C., Jhang, J. H., Young, T. H. ITO patterning by a low power Q-switched green laser and its use in the fabrication of a transparent flow meter. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 17 (11), 2316-2323 (2007).
- Cheng, J. Y., Yen, M. H., Kuo, C. T., Young, T. H. A transparent cell-culture microchamber with a variably controlled concentration gradient generator and flow field rectifier. Biomicrofluidics. 2 (2), 24105 (2008).
- Fuhr, G., Shirley, S. G. Cell handling and characterization using micron and submicron electrode arrays: state of the art and perspectives of semiconductor microtools. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 5 (2), 77-85 (1995).
- AChang, K. A., et al. Biphasic electrical currents stimulation promotes both proliferation and differentiation of fetal neural stem cells. PLoS One. 6 (4), e18738 (2011).
- Lim, J. H., McCullen, S. D., Piedrahita, J. A., Loboa, E. G., Olby, N. J. Alternating current electric fields of varying frequencies: effects on proliferation and differentiation of porcine neural progenitor cells. Cell Reprogram. 15 (5), 405-412 (2013).
