Reverse Genetic Approach to Identify Regulators of Pigmentation using Zebrafish
Summary
Regulators of melanocyte functions govern visible differences in the pigmentation outcome. Deciphering the molecular function of the candidate pigmentation gene poses a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a zebrafish model system to identify candidates and classify them into regulators of melanin content and melanocyte number.
Abstract
Melanocytes are specialized neural crest-derived cells present in the epidermal skin. These cells synthesize melanin pigment that protects the genome from harmful ultraviolet radiations. Perturbations in melanocyte functioning lead to pigmentary disorders such as piebaldism, albinism, vitiligo, melasma, and melanoma. Zebrafish is an excellent model system to understand melanocyte functions. The presence of conspicuous pigmented melanocytes, ease of genetic manipulation, and availability of transgenic fluorescent lines facilitate the study of pigmentation. This study employs the use of wild-type and transgenic zebrafish lines that drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression under mitfa and tyrp1 promoters that mark various stages of melanocytes.
Morpholino-based silencing of candidate genes is achieved to evaluate the phenotypic outcome on larval pigmentation and is applicable to screen for regulators of pigmentation. This protocol demonstrates the method from microinjection to imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based dissection of phenotypes using two candidate genes, carbonic anhydrase 14 (Ca14) and a histone variant (H2afv), to comprehensively assess the pigmentation outcome. Further, this protocol demonstrates segregating candidate genes into melanocyte specifiers and differentiators that selectively alter melanocyte numbers and melanin content per cell, respectively.
Introduction
While the use of melanin for photoprotection has evolved several times across the animal kingdom, vertebrates have seemingly perfected the process. Dedicated pigment-producing cells with an elaborate machinery to synthesize and contain melanin are conserved from fish to humans1. However, the outcome of pigmentation is dramatically varied, ranging in the color to recipience and presents as vivid patterns on integuments, the skin, and hair2. Despite the diversity, the repertoire of genes involved in pigmentation response is strikingly conserved. The core components of the melanin-synthesizing machinery, such as the key melanin-synthesizing enzymes, the components of the melanosomes, and the upstream connectivity to the signaling pathway, remain essentially identical across organisms. Subtle genetic differences bring about dramatic changes in the patterns of pigmentation observed across species3. Hence, a reverse genetic approach in a lower vertebrate organism, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), offers an excellent opportunity to decipher the involvement of genes in rendering the pigmented state4.
Zebrafish embryos develop from a single-celled fertilized zygote to a larva within a span of ~24 h post fertilization (hpf)5. Strikingly, the melanocyte-equivalent cells-the melanophores-are large cells that are present in the dermis and are conspicuous due to the dark melanin content6. These neural crest-derived cells emanate ~11 hpf and begin to pigment ~24 hpf6,7. Conserved gene expression modules have enabled the identification of key factors that orchestrate melanocyte functions and led to the development of transgenic fluorescent reporter lines Tg(sox10:GFP), Tg(mitfa:GFP), and Tg(ftyrp1:GFP)8,9,10 that label selective stages of melanocyte development. Using these transgenic fish lines enables the interrogation of cell biology of melanocytes at the organismal level in the tissue context with appropriate cues according to the developmental timelines. These reporters complement pigment-based quantitation of melanocytes and enable a distinct assessment of melanocyte numbers irrespective of melanin content.
This article provides a detailed protocol for deciphering the biology of melanocytes by assessing two critical parameters, namely melanin content and melanocyte numbers. While the former is a common functional readout emanating from a hypopigmentation response, the latter is associated with a reduction in the specification or survival of melanocytes and is often associated with genetic or acquired depigmentation conditions. The overall strategy of this reverse genetic screen is to silence select genes using a morpholino and investigate the melanocyte-specific outcomes. Melanin content is analyzed using image-based quantitation of mean grey values followed by confirmation using a melanin content assay. The number of melanocytes at various stages of maturation is analyzed using image-based quantitation and further confirmed using FACS analysis. Here, the screening protocol is demonstrated using two candidate genes, namely carbonic anhydrase 14, involved in melanogenesis, and a histone variant H2AFZ.2 involved in the specification of melanocytes from the neural crest precursor population. While the former alters melanin content and not the melanocyte numbers, the latter alters the number of specified melanocytes and, consequently, the melanin content in the embryo. In all, this method provides a detailed protocol to identify the role of a candidate gene in pigmentation and distinguish its role in controlling melanocyte numbers versus melanin content.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Pigmentation phenotype is often manifested as alterations in the content of melanin or the number of pigment-bearing melanocytes. The method described herein allows the dissection of this dichotomy and permits qualitative as well as quantitative assessment of melanin content and the number of melanophores per embryo, irrespective of the melanin content. The high fecundity of zebrafish, visible nature of pigmented melanocytes, and lack of melanosome transfer enable the dissection of melanocyte biology using this reverse g…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the funding support from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research vide project MLP2008 and the Department of Science and Technology for the project GAP165 for supporting the work presented in this manuscript. We thank Jeyashri Rengaraju and Chetan Mishra for their help with experiments.
Materials
| 1.5 mL Microtubes | Axygen | MCT-150-A | For preparing MO solution |
| 2 mL Microtubes | Axygen | MCT-200-C | For washing steps in FACS protocol |
| Agarose | Sigma-Aldrich | A-9539-500G | For microinjection |
| BD FACSAria II | BD Biosciences | NA | For cell sorting |
| Capillary tube | Drummond | 1-000-0010 | |
| Corning cell strainer | Corning | CLS431751 | For making single cell suspension |
| DMEM High Glucose Media | Sigma-Aldrich | D5648 | FACS protocol |
| Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (Tricaine) | Sigma-Aldrich | E10521-50G | to immobilize ZF for imaging |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA) | Sigma-Aldrich | E5134 | For cold lysis buffer |
| FACS tubes | BD-Biosciences | 342065 | FACS protocol |
| Fetal bovine serum (FBS) | Invitrogen | 10270 | FACS protocol |
| Graphpad prism Software | Graphstats Technologies | NA | For data representation |
| ImageJ Software | National Institute of health | NA | For image analysis |
| Insulin Syringes (1 mL) | DispoVan | NA | For manual dechorionation |
| Melanin, Synthetic | Sigma-Aldrich | M8631 | For melanin content assay |
| Methylcellulose | Sigma-Aldrich | M7027-250G | to immobilize ZF for imaging |
| Microloader tips | Eppendorf | 5242956003 | For microinjection |
| Morpholino | Gene-tools | NA | For knock-down experiments |
| N-Phenylthiourea (PTU) | Sigma-Aldrich | P7629 | to inhibit melanin formation |
| Needle puller | Sutter Instrument | P-97 | For microinjection |
| Nunc 15 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 339650 | FACS protocol |
| Petridish (60 mm) | Tarsons | 460090 | For embryo plates |
| Phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride | Sigma-Aldrich | 10837091001 | For cold lysis buffer |
| Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) | HiMedia | TL1099-500mL | For washing cells |
| Pronase | Sigma-Aldrich | 53702 | For dechorionation |
| Protease inhibitor cocktail | Sigma-Aldrich | P8340 | For cold lysis buffer |
| Sheath fluid | BD FACSFlowTM | 342003 | FACS protocol |
| Sodium phosphate | Merck | 7558-79-4 | Cold lysis buffer |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma-Aldrich | T9284-500ML | For cold lysis buffer |
| TrypLE | Gibco | 1677119 | For trypsinization |
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