Summary

成人膝关节穿刺术

Published: February 25, 2022
doi:

Summary

在这里,方案描述了膝关节穿刺术,这是一种将针插入膝关节并抽吸滑液的过程。可以取出滑液进行测试,以确定膝关节积液的性质。膝关节穿刺术通常在患者仰卧位进行。

Abstract

膝关节穿刺术是将针头插入膝关节并抽吸滑液的手术。关节穿刺术可以是诊断性的,也可以是治疗性的。可以取出滑液进行测试,以确定膝关节积液的性质。如果怀疑化脓性关节炎,应在开始抗生素治疗前紧急穿刺。此外,关节穿刺术还可以帮助诊断晶体诱发的关节炎,如痛风或假性痛风,或非炎症性关节炎,如骨关节炎。确定膝关节积液的病因可以指导治疗。此外,从膝关节排出液体可以降低关节内压力,从而减轻疼痛并改善运动范围。执行该手术没有绝对的禁忌症,但在选择针头进入部位时,应避免感染的皮肤区域。因此,当患者出现膝关节上疑似蜂窝织炎时,应谨慎行事,以避免引起医源性化脓性关节炎的潜在风险。接受过关节置换术的膝关节应由整形外科医生进行关节穿刺术评估。膝关节穿刺术通常在患者仰卧位进行。标记针头插入的部位,然后对皮肤进行消毒。施用局部麻醉剂后,沿着麻醉的途径插入针头。抽取滑液,然后抽出针头。施加压力,直到任何出血停止。滑液可以分析感染和炎症,但不能直接确认关节炎内部紊乱或自身免疫性病因的诊断。除病史和体格检查外,实验室检查结果和影像学检查可明确膝关节积液的病因。

Introduction

进行关节穿刺术以成功从关节(如膝盖,肩膀,肘部,手腕或脚踝)吸出滑液。新发现的膝关节积液的患者可以接受诊断性关节穿刺术,以确定积液的性质。在尝试关节穿刺术之前,必须通过体格检查确认病史引起的膝关节肿胀,以评估是否存在积液。对于患者仰卧位,可以在检查时比较膝盖,以查看肿胀是否是单侧的。积液的膝关节可能看起来比另一个膝关节大。大量积液(至少 20 mL)时,可见髌骨近端的凸起。使用少量积液(5-10 mL),用一只手超外侧按压液体可以让另一只手触诊液体隆起。触诊液体可以帮助确定是否有可能成功进行关节穿刺术。除仰卧位外,还可以对坐位的患者进行膝关节穿刺术,但抽吸较少滑液的可能性更高1.膝关节的滑液可通过内侧或外侧入路抽吸,但后者在复杂情况下是首选2.膝关节积液在检查时并不总是压痛,因此不一定引起止痛步态。如果怀疑化脓性关节炎,应在抗生素治疗前紧急进行关节穿刺术。整形外科医生可以进行膝关节抽吸术,以诊断膝关节置换术患者的假体关节感染。

除了评估感染外,关节穿刺术还有助于识别诊断,例如晶体诱发的关节炎(痛风或假性痛风)、类风湿性关节炎、脊柱关节炎、反应性关节炎、银屑病关节炎、关节积血或骨关节炎。滑液分析的结果可以导致适当的治疗。对于因积液而疼痛和膝关节活动受限的患者,抽吸液体可以改善这些症状。此外,在关节内注射类固醇之前对膝关节进行关节穿刺术已被证明可以降低类风湿性关节炎关节炎复发的风险3。膝关节穿刺术没有绝对的禁忌症,但针头应远离任何蜂窝织炎,以免将任何感染引入关节。此外,关节穿刺术已被证明对使用华法林或直接口服抗凝剂4567 进行抗凝治疗的患者通常是安全的。通过适当的技术和临床适应症,患者可以以最小的风险进行此程序。

Protocol

该协议遵循BronxCare卫生系统的指导方针。需要患者的书面知情同意书。 1. 识别解剖结构 患者仰卧时,仔细触诊膝盖以定位髌骨,并使用皮肤标记在髌骨的四个角处做标记。 使用皮肤标记在髌骨一指八度上外侧的部位放置“X”。避免感染皮肤和可见静脉。 如果在检查中检测到大量积液,并且髌骨似乎位于液体上,请考虑在髌骨后方进行内?…

Representative Results

一项前瞻性随机研究比较了膝关节滑液完全抽吸和关节内注射与单独使用皮质类固醇。它表明,在用关节内皮质类固醇治疗类风湿性关节炎患者时,尽可能多地抽吸滑液可以降低关节炎症状复发的风险。 图1 显示了关节穿刺术组3中复发比例的降低。 一项关于关节穿刺术和关节注射的回顾性图表回顾比较了接受华法林治疗的患者(国际?…

Discussion

膝关节穿刺术是一种床边或诊所手术,其中将针头插入关节囊中,并抽吸滑液。在尝试关节穿刺术之前,应根据病史确认膝关节肿胀是体格检查中的积液。膝关节 X 线检查可发现积液,但在误吸前没有必要。如果体型使体格检查复杂化,超声检查可用于确认积液大小,并直接插入穿刺以进行抽吸8。如果患者膝关节肿胀、疼痛和温暖,运动受限,应立即进行诊断性关节穿刺术以评…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者没有致谢。

Materials

Alcohol prep pad Medline MDS090670Z sterile 2-ply pad
Eclipse needle BD DGW60702 25G x 5/8"
Ethyl Chloride instant topical anesthetic spray Gebauer's P/N 0386-0008-03 non-flammable
Lidocaine HCl injection Fresenius Kabi Usa, Llc NDC 63323-492-27 1% single dose vial
Plastic bandage Curad CUR02278RB 4-sided seal
Plastipak 3 mL syringe BD 309651 sterile
Plastipak 5 mL syringe BD 309649 sterile
Povidone iodine topical solution Major NDC 0904-1103-09 topical antiseptic
Precision glide needle BD 305196 18G x 1 1/2"
Sterile gauze sponge CARING PRM2208 2 in. x 2 in.
Sterile regular tip surgical skin marker MEDLINE DYNJSM01
Surgical gloves TRIUMPH MSG2265 sterile & powder-free

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Cite This Article
Tieng, A., Franchin, G. Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults. J. Vis. Exp. (180), e63135, doi:10.3791/63135 (2022).

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