CRISPR/Cas9 Genredigering af hæmatopoietiske stamceller og stamceller til genterapiapplikationer
Summary
Den nuværende protokol beskriver en optimeret hæmatopoietisk stam- og stamcellekulturprocedure (HSPC) til robust indkapsling af genredigerede celler in vivo.
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 er et meget alsidigt og effektivt genredigeringsværktøj, der er vedtaget bredt for at korrigere forskellige genetiske mutationer. Muligheden for genmanipulation af hæmatopoietiske stamceller og stamceller (HSPC’er) in vitro gør HSPC’er til en ideel målcelle til genterapi. HSPC’er mister imidlertid moderat deres engraftment og multilineage genbefolkningspotentiale i ex vivo-kulturen . I denne undersøgelse beskrives ideelle kulturforhold, der forbedrer HSPC-engraftment og genererer et øget antal genmodificerede celler in vivo. Den aktuelle rapport viser optimerede in vitro-kulturforhold , herunder typen af kulturmedier, unikt tilskud til cocktail med små molekyler, cytokinkoncentration, cellekulturplader og dyrkningstæthed. Derudover leveres en optimeret HSPC-genredigeringsprocedure sammen med validering af genredigeringshændelserne. Til in vivo-validering vises den genredigerede HSPC’s infusion og post-engraftment-analyse hos musemodtagere. Resultaterne viste, at kultursystemet øgede hyppigheden af funktionelle HSC’er in vitro, hvilket resulterede i robust engraftment af genredigerede celler in vivo.
Introduction
Den manglende adgang til humant leukocytantigen (HLA) -matchede donorer i allogene transplantationsmiljøer og den hurtige udvikling af meget alsidige og sikre genteknologiske værktøjer gør autolog hæmatopoietisk stamcelletransplantation (HSCT) til en helbredende behandlingsstrategi for arvelige blodsygdomme 1,2. Autolog hæmatopoietisk stam- og stamcelle (HSPC) genterapi involverer indsamling af patienters HSPC’er, genetisk manipulation, korrektion af sygdomsfremkaldende mutationer og transplantation af genkorrigerede HSPC’er til patienten 3,4. Det vellykkede resultat af genterapien afhænger imidlertid af kvaliteten af det transplanterbare genmodificerede transplantat. Genmanipulationstrinnene og ex vivo-kulturen af HSPC’er påvirker transplantatets kvalitet ved at reducere hyppigheden af langvarige hæmatopoietiske stamceller (LT-HSC’er), hvilket nødvendiggør infusion af store doser genmanipulerede HSPC’er 2,5,6.
Flere små molekyler, herunder SR1 og UM171, anvendes i øjeblikket til at udvide HSPC’er med navlestrengsblod robust 7,8. For voksne HSPC’er er der på grund af det højere celleudbytte, der opnås ved mobilisering, ikke behov for robust ekspansion. Det er imidlertid afgørende for dets genterapianvendelser, at isolerede HSPC’er bevares i ex vivo-kulturen. Derfor udvikles en tilgang med fokus på kulturberigelse af hæmatopoietiske stamceller (HSC’er) ved hjælp af en kombination af små molekyler: Resveratrol, UM729 og SR1 (RUS)7. De optimerede HSPC-kulturbetingelser fremmer berigelsen af HSC’er, hvilket resulterer i øget hyppighed af genmodificerede HSC’er in vivo og reducerer behovet for genmanipulation af store doser HSPC’er, hvilket letter omkostningseffektive genterapimetoder8.
Her beskrives en omfattende protokol for HSPCs kultur sammen med infusion og analyse af genredigerede celler in vivo.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Det vellykkede resultat af HSPC-genterapi afhænger overvejende af kvaliteten og kvantiteten af indpodbare HSC’er i transplantatet. HSC’ers funktionelle egenskaber påvirkes imidlertid i høj grad i den forberedende fase af genterapiprodukter, herunder af in vitro-kultur og toksicitet i forbindelse med genmanipulationsproceduren. For at overvinde disse begrænsninger har vi identificeret ideelle HSPC’er kulturbetingelser, der bevarer stammen af CD34 + CD133 + CD90 + HSC’er i ex vivo-kul…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Forfatterne ønsker at anerkende personalet på flowcytometrifaciliteten og dyrefaciliteten i CSCR. A. C. finansieres af et ICMR-SRF-stipendium, K. V. K. finansieres af et DST-INSPIRE-stipendium, og P. B. finansieres af et CSIR-JRF-stipendium. Dette arbejde blev finansieret af Institut for Bioteknologi, Indiens regering (bevillingsnr. BT/PR26901/MED/31/377/2017 og BT/PR31616/MED/31/408/2019)
Materials
| 4D-Nucleofector® X Unit | LONZA BIOSCIENCE | AAF-1003X | |
| 4D-Nucleofector™ X Kit ( 16-well Nucleocuvette™ Strips) | LONZA BIOSCIENCE | V4XP-3032 | |
| Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X) | THERMO SCIENTIFIC | 15240096 | |
| Anti-human CD45 APC | BD BIOSCIENCE | 555485 | |
| Anti-human CD13 PE | BD BIOSCIENCE | 555394 | |
| Anti-human CD19 PerCP | BD BIOSCIENCE | 340421 | |
| Anti-human CD3 PE-Cy7 | BD BIOSCIENCE | 557749 | |
| Anti-human CD90 APC | BD BIOSCIENCE | 561971 | |
| Anti-human CD133/1 | Miltenyibiotec | 130-113-673 | |
| Anti-human CD34 PE | BD BIOSCIENCE | 348057 | |
| Anti-mouse CD45.1 PerCP-Cy5 | BD BIOSCIENCE | 560580 | |
| Blood Irradator-2000 | BRIT (Department of Biotechnology, India) | BI 2000 | |
| Cell culture dish (delta surface-treated 6-well plates) | NUNC (THERMO SCIENTIFIC) | 140675 | |
| CrysoStor CS10 | BioLife solutions | #07952 | |
| Busulfan | CELON LABS (60mg/10mL) | - | |
| Guide-it Recombinant Cas9 | TAKARA BIO | 632640 | |
| Cas9-eGFP | SIGMA | C120040 | |
| Centrifuge tube-15ml | CORNING | 430790 | |
| Centrifuge tube-50ml | NUNC (THERMO SCIENTIFIC) | 339652 | |
| DMSO | MPBIO | 219605590 | |
| DNAase | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 6469 | |
| Dulbecco′s Phosphate Buffered Saline- 1X | HYCLONE | SH30028.02 | |
| EasySep™ Human CD34 Positive Selection Kit II | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 17856 | |
| EasySep magnet | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 18000 | |
| Electrophoresis unit | ORANGE INDIA | HDS0036 | |
| FBS | THERMO SCIENTIFIC | 10270106 | |
| Flow cytometer – ARIA III | BD BIOSCIENCE | - | |
| FlowJo | BD BIOSCIENCE | - | |
| Flt3-L | PEPROTECH | 300-19-1000 | |
| Gel imaging system | CELL BIOSCIENCES | 11630453 | |
| HighPrep DTR reagent | MAGBIOGENOMICS | DT-70005 | |
| Human BD Fc Block | BD BIOSCIENCE | 553141 | |
| IL6 | PEPROTECH | 200-06-50 | |
| IMDM media | THERMO SCIENTIFIC | 12440053 | |
| Infrared lamp | MURPHY | – | |
| Insulin syringe 6mm 31G | BD BIOSCIENCE | 324903 | |
| Ketamine | KETMIN 50 | – | |
| Loading dye 6X | TAKARA BIO | 9156 | |
| Lymphoprep | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 7851 | |
| Mice Restrainer | AVANTOR | TV-150 | |
| Nano drop spectrophotometer | THERMO SCIENTIFIC | ND-2000C | |
| Neubauer cell counting chamber | ROHEM INSTRUMENTS | CC-3073 | |
| NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:005557 | |
| NOD,B6.SCID Il2rγ−/−KitW41/W41 (NBSGW) | The Jackson Laboratory | RRID:IMSR_JAX:026622 | |
| Nunc delta 6-well plate | THERMO SCIENTIFIC | 140675 | |
| Polystyrene round-bottom tube | BD | 352008 | |
| P3 primary cell Nucleofection solution | LONZA BIOSCIENCE | PBP3-02250 | |
| Pasteur pipette | FISHER SCIENTIFIC | 13-678-20A | |
| PCR clean-up kit | TAKARA BIO | 740609.25 | |
| Mouse Pie Cage | FISCHER SCIENTIFIC | 50-195-5140 | |
| polystyrene round-bottom tube (12 x 75 mm) | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 38007 | |
| Primer3 | Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research | https://primer3.ut.ee/ | |
| QuickExtract™ DNA Extraction Solution | Lucigen | QE09050 | |
| Reserveratrol | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 72862 | |
| SCF | PEPROTECH | 300-07-1000 | |
| SFEM-II | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 9655 | |
| sgRNA | SYNTHEGO | - | |
| SPINWIN | TARSON | 1020 | |
| StemReginin 1 | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 72342 | |
| ICE analysis tool | SYNTHEGO | https://ice.synthego.com/ | |
| Tris-EDTA buffer solution (TE) 1X | SYNTHEGO | Supplied with gRNA | |
| Thermocycler | APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS | 4375305 | |
| TPO | PEPROTECH | 300-18-1000 | |
| Trypan blue | HIMEDIA LABS | TCL046 | |
| UM171 | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 72914 | |
| UM729 | STEMCELL TECHNOLOGIES | 72332 | |
| Xylazine | XYLAXIN – INDIAN IMMUNOLOGICALS LIMITED | – |
References
- Staal, F. J. T., Aiuti, A., Cavazzana, M. Autologous stem-cell-based gene therapy for inherited disorders: State of the art and perspectives. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 7, 443 (2019).
- Naldini, L. Genetic engineering of hematopoiesis: Current stage of clinical translation and future perspectives. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 11 (3), 9958 (2019).
- Srivastava, A., Shaji, R. V. Cure for thalassemia major – From allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to gene therapy. Haematologica. 102 (2), 214-223 (2017).
- Venkatesan, V., Srinivasan, S., Babu, P., Thangavel, S. Manipulation of developmental gamma-globin gene expression: An approach for healing hemoglobinopathies. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 41 (1), 00253 (2020).
- Mazurier, F., Gan, O. I., McKenzie, J. L., Doedens, M., Dick, J. E. Lentivector-mediated clonal tracking reveals intrinsic heterogeneity in the human hematopoietic stem cell compartment and culture-induced stem cell impairment. Blood. 103 (2), 545-552 (2004).
- Piras, F., et al. Lentiviral vectors escape innate sensing but trigger p53 in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 9 (9), 1198-1211 (2017).
- Christopher, A. C., et al. Preferential expansion of human CD34+CD133+CD90+ hematopoietic stem cells enhances gene-modified cell frequency for gene therapy. Human Gene Therapy. 33 (3-4), 188-201 (2021).
- Karuppusamy, K. V., et al. The CCR5 gene edited CD34+ CD90+ hematopoietic stem cell population serves as an optimal graft source for HIV gene therapy. Frontiers in Immunology. 13, 792684 (2022).
- Hopman, R. K., DiPersio, J. F. Advances in stem cell mobilization. Blood reviews. 28 (1), 31-40 (2014).
- Hoffman, T. L. Counting Cells. Cell Biology: A laboratory handbook. 1, 21-24 (2006).
- Antoniani, C., et al. Induction of fetal hemoglobin synthesis by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the human b-globin locus. Blood. 131 (17), 1960-1973 (2018).
- Azhagiri, M. K. K., Babu, P., Venkatesan, V., Thangavel, S. Homology-directed gene-editing approaches for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell gene therapy. Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 12, 500 (2021).
- Desjardins, P., Conklin, D. NanoDrop microvolume quantitation of nucleic acids. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (45), e2565 (2010).
- Bagchi, A., et al. Direct generation of immortalized erythroid progenitor cell lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cells. 10 (3), 1-18 (2021).
- Ravi, R., et al. Identification of novel HPFH-like mutations by CRISPR base editing that elevates the expression of fetal hemoglobin. eLife. 11, 65421 (2020).
- Conant, D., et al. Inference of CRISPR edits from Sanger trace data. CRISPR Journal. 5 (1), 123-130 (2022).
- Shultz, L. D., et al. Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rγnull mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells. The Journal of Immunology. 174 (10), 6477-6489 (2005).
- McIntosh, B. E., et al. Nonirradiated NOD,B6.SCID Il2rγ-/- Kit(W41/W41) (NBSGW) mice support multilineage engraftment of human hematopoietic cells. Stem Cell Reports. 4 (2), 171-180 (2015).
- Leonard, A., et al. Low-dose busulfan reduces human CD34+ cell doses required for engraftment in c-kit mutant immunodeficient mice. Molecular Therapy – Methods & Clinical Development. 15, 430-437 (2019).
- Tateno, A., Sakai, K., Koya, N., Aoki, T. Effects of total asphyxia on the development of synaptic junctions in the brains of mice. Acta Paediatrica Japonica; Overseas Edition. 34 (1), 1-5 (1992).
- Audigé, A., et al. Long-term leukocyte reconstitution in NSG mice transplanted with human cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. BMC Immunology. 18 (1), 1-15 (2017).
- Nimmerjahn, F., Ravetch, J. V. Fc-receptors as regulators of immunity. Advances in immunology. 96, 179-204 (2007).
- Boitano, A. E., et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists promote the expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells. Science. 329 (5997), 1345-1348 (2010).
- Ngom, M., et al. UM171 enhances lentiviral gene transfer and recovery of primitive human hematopoietic cells. Molecular Therapy – Methods & Clinical Development. 10, 156-164 (2018).
- Park, Y. S., et al. Enhancement of proliferation of human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells by a combination of hyper-interleukin-6 and small molecules. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 29, 101214 (2022).
- Aiuti, A., et al. Lentivirus-based gene therapy of hematopoietic stem cells in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Science. 341 (6148), 1233151 (2013).
- Rai, R., et al. Optimized cell culture conditions promote ex-vivo manipulation and expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells for therapeutic gene editing. bioRxiv. , (2022).
- Wilkinson, A. C., et al. Cas9-AAV6 gene correction of beta-globin in autologous HSCs improves sickle cell disease erythropoiesis in mice. Nature Communications. 12 (1), 1-9 (2021).
