Summary

Vurdering af ændringer i synaptisk plasticitet ved hjælp af en vågen lukket hovedskademodel af mild traumatisk hjerneskade

Published: January 20, 2023
doi:

Summary

Her demonstreres det, hvordan en vågen lukket hovedskademodel kan bruges til at undersøge effekterne af gentagen mild traumatisk hjerneskade (r-mTBI) på synaptisk plasticitet i hippocampus. Modellen replikerer vigtige træk ved r-mTBI hos patienter og bruges sammen med in vitro elektrofysiologi.

Abstract

Milde traumatiske hjerneskader (mTBI’er) er et udbredt sundhedsproblem i Nordamerika. Der er stigende pres for at bruge økologisk gyldige modeller af lukket mTBI i den prækliniske indstilling for at øge oversætteligheden til den kliniske population. Den vågne lukkede hovedskade (ACHI) model bruger en modificeret kontrolleret kortikal slaglegeme til at levere lukket hovedskade, hvilket inducerer klinisk relevante adfærdsmæssige underskud uden behov for kraniotomi eller brug af bedøvelse.

Denne teknik fremkalder normalt ikke dødsfald, kraniebrud eller hjerneblødninger og er mere i overensstemmelse med at være en mild skade. Faktisk gør den milde karakter af ACHI-proceduren den ideel til undersøgelser, der undersøger gentagne mTBI (r-mTBI). Voksende beviser tyder på, at r-mTBI kan resultere i en kumulativ skade, der producerer adfærdsmæssige symptomer, neuropatologiske ændringer og neurodegeneration. r-mTBI er almindelig hos unge, der dyrker sport, og disse skader opstår i en periode med robust synaptisk reorganisering og myelinisering, hvilket gør den yngre befolkning særlig sårbar over for de langsigtede påvirkninger af r-mTBI.

Endvidere forekommer r-mTBI i tilfælde af intim partnervold, en tilstand, for hvilken der er få objektive screeningsforanstaltninger. I disse eksperimenter blev synaptisk funktion vurderet i hippocampus hos unge rotter, der havde oplevet r-mTBI ved hjælp af ACHI-modellen. Efter skaderne blev en vævsskærer brugt til at lave hippocampale skiver til evaluering af tovejs synaptisk plasticitet i hippocampus enten 1 eller 7 dage efter r-mTBI. Samlet set giver ACHI-modellen forskere en økologisk gyldig model til at studere ændringer i synaptisk plasticitet efter mTBI og r-mTBI.

Introduction

Traumatisk hjerneskade (TBI) er et betydeligt sundhedsproblem med ~ 2 millioner tilfælde i Canada og USA hvert år 1,2. TBI påvirker alle aldersgrupper og køn og har en forekomst, der er større end nogen anden sygdom, især brystkræft, aids, Parkinsons sygdom og multipel sklerose3. På trods af forekomsten af TBI forbliver dens patofysiologi dårligt forstået, og behandlingsmulighederne er begrænsede. Det skyldes til dels, at 85% af alle TBI’er klassificeres som milde (mTBI), og mTBI har tidligere været anset for kun at producere begrænsede og forbigående adfærdsændringer uden langsigtede neuropsykiatriske konsekvenser 4,5. Det er nu anerkendt, at mTBI-genopretning kan tage uger til år5,6, udfælde mere alvorlige neurologiske tilstande4, og at selv gentagne “sub-hjernerystelses-påvirkninger” påvirker hjernen7. Dette er alarmerende, da atleter i sportsgrene som hockey / fodbold har > 10 hoved sub-hjernerystelse påvirkninger pr. Kamp / træningssession 7,8,9,10.

Unge har den højeste forekomst af mTBI, og i Canada vil omkring en ud af 10 teenagere søge lægehjælp for en sportsrelateret hjernerystelse årligt11,12. I virkeligheden kan enhver sub-hjernerystelse hovedstød eller mTBI forårsage diffus skade på hjernen, og dette kan også skabe en mere sårbar tilstand for efterfølgende skader og / eller mere alvorlige neurologiske tilstande 13,14,15,16,17. I Canada anerkendes det juridisk via Rowans lov, at tidligere skade kan øge hjernens sårbarhed over for yderligere skade18, men mekanistisk forståelse af r-mTBI forbliver sørgeligt utilstrækkelig. Det er imidlertid klart, at single og r-mTBI kan påvirke læringskapaciteten i skoleårene 19,20, have kønsspecifikke resultater 21,22,23,2 4 og forringe kognitiv kapacitet senere i livet16,25,26. Faktisk forbinder kohorteanalyser stærkt r-mTBI tidligt i livet med demens senere på27,28. r-mTBI er også potentielt forbundet med kronisk traumatisk encefalopati (CTE), som er karakteriseret ved akkumulering af hyperphosphoryleret tau-protein og progressiv kortikal atrofi og udfældet af signifikant inflammation 27,29,30,31. Selvom forbindelserne mellem r-mTBI og CTE i øjeblikket er kontroversielle32, vil denne model gøre det muligt at udforske dem mere detaljeret i en præklinisk indstilling.

En mTBI beskrives ofte som en “uset skade”, da den forekommer i et lukket kranium og er vanskelig at opdage selv med moderne billeddannelsesteknikker33,34. En nøjagtig eksperimentel model af mTBI bør overholde to principper. For det første bør den rekapitulere de biomekaniske kræfter, der normalt observeres i den kliniske population35. For det andet skal modellen fremkalde heterogene adfærdsmæssige resultater, noget der også er meget udbredt i kliniske populationer36,37,38. I øjeblikket har de fleste prækliniske modeller tendens til at være mere alvorlige, der involverer kraniotomi, stereotaksisk nakkestøtte, anæstesi og kontrollerede kortikale påvirkninger (CCI), der producerer betydelige strukturelle skader og mere omfattende adfærdsmæssige underskud end normalt observeret klinisk33. En anden bekymring med mange prækliniske modeller af hjernerystelse, der involverer kraniotomier, er, at denne procedure i sig selv skaber betændelse i hjernen, og dette kan forværre mTBI-symptomer og neuropatologi fra enhver efterfølgende skade39,40. Anæstesi introducerer også flere komplekse confounds, herunder reduktion af inflammation 41,42,43, modulerende mikroglial funktion44, glutamatfrigivelse 45, Ca2+ indgang gennem NMDA-receptorer46, intrakranielt tryk og cerebral metabolisme 47. Anæstesi introducerer yderligere confounds ved at øge blod-hjerne-barrieren (BBB) permeabilitet, tau-hyperphosphorylering og kortikosteroidniveauer, samtidig med at kognitiv funktion reduceres 48,49,50,51. Derudover udgør diffuse, lukkede hovedskader langt størstedelen af kliniske mTBI’er52. De giver også en mulighed for bedre at studere de mange faktorer, der kan påvirke adfærdsmæssige resultater, herunder køn21,53 år, interskadeinterval15, sværhedsgrad54 og antallet af skader23.

Retningen af de accelererende/decelerative kræfter (lodret eller vandret) er også en vigtig overvejelse for adfærdsmæssige og molekylære resultater. Forskning fra Mychasiuk og kolleger har sammenlignet to modeller af diffus lukket mTBI: vægtfald (lodrette kræfter) og lateral påvirkning (vandrette kræfter)55. Både adfærdsmæssige og molekylære analyser afslørede heterogene model- og kønsafhængige resultater efter mTBI. Således er dyremodeller, der hjælper med at undgå kirurgiske procedurer, samtidig med at de inkorporerer lineære og roterende kræfter, mere repræsentative for de fysiologiske forhold, hvorunder disse skader normalt forekommer33,56. ACHI-modellen blev oprettet som reaktion på dette behov, hvilket muliggør hurtig og reproducerbar induktion af mTBI hos rotter, samtidig med at man undgår procedurer (dvs. anæstesi), der vides at skævvride kønsforskelle57.

Protocol

Godkendelse af alle dyreforsøg blev givet af University of Victoria Animal Care Committee i overensstemmelse med Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) standarder. Alle Long-Evans-hanrotter blev opdrættet internt eller købt (se materialetabellen). 1. Opstaldnings- og avlsforhold Lad dyrene vænne sig til deres staldmiljø i 1 uge før fravænning på postnatal dag (PND) 21. Rotterne holdes i standardburhuse ved 22,5 °C ± 2,5 °C med <e…

Representative Results

Den vågne lukkede hovedskademodel er en levedygtig metode til at inducere r-mTBI hos unge rotter. Rotter udsat for r-mTBI med ACHI-modellen viste ikke åbenlyse adfærdsmæssige underskud. Emner i disse eksperimenter udviste ikke latenstid til højre eller apnø på noget tidspunkt under r-mTBI-proceduren, hvilket indikerer, at dette faktisk var en mild TBI-procedure. Subtile adfærdsforskelle opstod i den nationale handlingsplan; Som beskrevet ovenfor blev rotterne scoret på fire sensorimotoriske opgaver (startle resp…

Discussion

Det meste prækliniske forskning har brugt modeller af mTBI, der ikke rekapitulerer de biomekaniske kræfter, der ses i den kliniske population. Her vises det, hvordan ACHI-modellen kan bruges til at inducere r-mTBI’er hos unge rotter. Denne lukkede model af r-mTBI har betydelige fordele i forhold til mere invasive procedurer. For det første forårsager ACHI normalt ikke kraniebrud, hjerneblødninger eller dødsfald, som alle ville være kontraindikationer for en “mild” TBI i kliniske populationer61</s…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Vi takker alle medlemmer af Christie Laboratory ved University of Victoria, tidligere og nuværende, for deres bidrag til udviklingen af denne protokol. Dette projekt blev støttet med midler fra Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR: FRN 175042) og NSERC (RGPIN-06104-2019). Figur 1-kraniegrafikken blev oprettet med BioRender.

Materials

3D-printed helment  Designed and constructed by Christie laboratory (See Specifications in Christie et al. (2019), Current Protocols in Neuroscience) 
Agarose  Fisher Scientific (BioReagents) BP160500
Anesthesia chamber Home Made N/A Plexiglass Container
Automatic Heater Controller Warner Electric TC-324B
Axon Digidata Molecular Devices 1440A Low-noise Data Acquisition System
Balance beam  Can be constructed or purchased (100 cm long x 2 cm wide x 0.75 cm thick)
Calcium Chloride Bio Basic Canada Inc.  CD0050 For aCSF
Camera Dage MTI NC-70
Carbogen tank Praxair MM OXCD5C-K Carbon Dioxide 5%, Oxygen 95%
Clampex Software Molecular Devices Clampex 10.5 Version
Compresstome Vibrating Microtome Precisionary VF 310-0Z
Concentric Bipolar Electrode FHC Inc. CBAPC75
Dextrose (D-Glucose) Fisher Scientific (Chemical) D16-3 aCSF
Digital Stimulus Isolation Amplifier   Getting Instruments, Inc.  Model 4D
Disodium Phosphate Fisher Scientific (Chemical) S373-500 PBS
Dissection Tools
Feather Double Edge Blade Electron Microscopy Sciences 72002-10
Filter Paper Whatman 1 1001-055
Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller Sutter Instrument P-1000
Hair Claw Clip Can be obtained from any department store
Home and Recovery Cages Normal rat cages from animal care unit.
Hum Bug Noise Eliminator Quest Scientific  726300
Isoflurane USP Fresenius Kabi CP0406V2
Isotemp 215 Digital Water Bath Fisher Scientific  15-462-15
Leica Impact One CCI unit Leica Biosystems Tip is modified to hold 7mm rubber impact tip
Long-Evans rats, male Charles River Laboratories (St. Constant, PQ)
Low-Density Foam Pad 3" polyurethane foam sheet 
Magnesium Chloride Fisher Scientific (Chemical) M33-500 aCSF
Male Long Evans Rats Charles River Laboratories Animals ordered from Charles River Laboratories, or pups bred at the University of Victoria
MultiClamp 700B Amplifier Molecular Devices Model 700B
pH Test Strips VWR Chemicals BDH BDH83931.601
Potassium Chloride Fisher Scientific (Chemical) P217-500 aCSF, PBS
Potassium Phosphate Sigma P9791-500G PBS
Push Button Controller Siskiyou Corporation  MC1000e Four-axis Closed Loop Controller Push-Button
Sample Discs ELITechGroup SS-033 For use with Vapor Pressure Osmometer
Small towel
Sodium Bicarbonate Fisher Scientific (Chemical) S233-500 aCSF
Sodium Chloride Fisher Scientific (Chemical) S271-3 For aCSF, PBS
Sodium Phosphate Fisher Scientific (Chemical) S369-500 aCSF
Soft Plastic Restraint Cones Braintree Scientific model DC-200
Stopwatch Many lab members use their iPhone for this
Table or large cart with raised edges  For NAP and ACHI
Thin Wall Borosilicate Glass (with Filament) Sutter Instrument BF150-110-10 Outside diameter: 1.5 mm; Inside diameter: 1.10 mm; Length: 10 cm
Upright Microscope Olympus Olympus BX5OWI 5x MPlan 0.10 NA Objective lens
Vapor Pressure Osmometer Vapro Model 5600 aCSF should be 300-310 mOSM
Vetbond Tissue Adhesive 3M 1469SB
Vibraplane Vibration Isolation Table Kinetic Systems 9101-01-45

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Christie, B. R., Gross, A., Willoughby, A., Grafe, E., Brand, J., Bosdachin, E., Reid, H. M. O., Acosta, C., Eyolfson, E. Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Vis. Exp. (191), e64592, doi:10.3791/64592 (2023).

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