Pinzette magnetiche ad alta velocità per misure nanomeccaniche su elementi sensibili alla forza

Summary

Qui, descriviamo una configurazione di pinzette magnetiche ad alta velocità che esegue misurazioni nanomeccaniche su biomolecole sensibili alla forza alla velocità massima di 1,2 kHz. Presentiamo la sua applicazione a forcine di DNA e complessi SNARE come sistemi modello, ma sarà applicabile anche ad altre molecole coinvolte in eventi meccanobiologici.

Abstract

Le pinzette magnetiche a singola molecola (MT) sono servite come potenti strumenti per interrogare con forza le biomolecole, come gli acidi nucleici e le proteine, e sono quindi pronte per essere utili nel campo della meccanobiologia. Poiché il metodo si basa comunemente sul tracciamento basato su immagini delle sfere magnetiche, il limite di velocità nella registrazione e nell’analisi delle immagini, così come le fluttuazioni termiche delle perle, ha a lungo ostacolato la sua applicazione nell’osservazione di piccoli e veloci cambiamenti strutturali nelle molecole bersaglio. Questo articolo descrive metodi dettagliati per la costruzione e il funzionamento di una configurazione MT ad alta risoluzione in grado di risolvere dinamiche su scala nanometrica e millisecondi delle biomolecole e dei loro complessi. Come esempi applicativi, vengono dimostrati esperimenti con forcine di DNA e complessi SNARE (meccanismo di fusione a membrana), concentrandosi su come i loro stati transitori e transizioni possono essere rilevati in presenza di forze su scala piconewton. Ci aspettiamo che le MT ad alta velocità continueranno a consentire misurazioni nanomeccaniche ad alta precisione su molecole che rilevano, trasmettono e generano forze nelle cellule, e quindi approfondiscono la nostra comprensione a livello molecolare della meccanobiologia.

Introduction

Le cellule percepiscono attivamente e rispondono agli stimoli meccanici. In tal modo, molte biomolecole mostrano proprietà dipendenti dalla forza che consentono cambiamenti strutturali dinamici. Esempi ben apprezzati includono canali ionici meccanosensibili ed elementi citoscheletrici che forniscono alle cellule informazioni meccaniche chiave dall’ambiente circostante.

Inoltre, le molecole che mostrano una natura portante unica possono anche essere considerate meccanosensibili in un senso più ampio. Ad esempio, la formazione locale e la fusione di duplex di acidi nucleici, così come strutture di ordine superiore come i G-quadruplex, svolgono ruoli cruciali nella replicazione, nella trascrizione, nella ricombinazione e, più recentemente, nell’editing del genoma. Inoltre, alcune proteine neuronali coinvolte nelle comunicazioni sinaptiche svolgono le loro funzioni generando forze fisiche che superano i livelli delle tipiche interazioni intermolecolari. Indipendentemente dall’esempio studiato, lo studio della nanomeccanica delle biomolecole coinvolte con elevata precisione spaziotemporale si rivelerà molto utile per rivelare i meccanismi molecolari dei processi meccanobiologici associati ^1,2,3.

I metodi di spettroscopia di forza a singola molecola sono serviti come potenti strumenti per esaminare le proprietà meccaniche delle biomolecole 2,4,5,6. Possono monitorare i cambiamenti strutturali negli acidi nucleici e nelle proteine in concomitanza con l’applicazione della forza, esaminando così le proprietà dipendenti dalla forza. Due configurazioni ben note sono le pinzette ottiche e le pinzette magnetiche (MT), che impiegano perline di dimensioni micron per manipolare le molecole 5,6,7,8. In queste piattaforme, il polistirene (per le pinzette ottiche) o le perle magnetiche (per le MT) sono legati alle molecole bersaglio (ad esempio, acidi nucleici e proteine) tramite “maniglie” molecolari, tipicamente costituite da brevi frammenti di DNA a doppio filamento (dsDNA). Le perle vengono quindi spostate per esercitare forza e visualizzate per tracciare le loro posizioni che riportano i cambiamenti strutturali nelle molecole bersaglio. Le pinzette ottiche e magnetiche sono in gran parte intercambiabili nelle loro applicazioni, ma esistono importanti differenze nei loro approcci al controllo della forza. Le pinzette ottiche sono strumenti intrinsecamente posizionati che intrappolano le perline in posizione, a causa delle quali la forza applicata fluttua quando un costrutto bersaglio subisce cambiamenti di forma; L’aumento dell’estensione, ad esempio dall’apertura, allenta il cavo e riduce la tensione e viceversa. Sebbene il feedback attivo possa essere implementato per controllare la forza nelle pinzette ottiche, gli MT al contrario funzionano naturalmente come un dispositivo di morsetto, sfruttando le forze magnetiche stabili e a campo lontano da magneti permanenti, che possono anche resistere alle perturbazioni ambientali.

Nonostante la loro lunga storia e il design semplice, le MT sono rimaste indietro rispetto alle pinzette ottiche nelle loro applicazioni a misurazioni ad alta precisione, in gran parte a causa delle sfide tecniche nel tracciamento rapido delle perline. Recentemente, tuttavia, diversi gruppi hanno condotto congiuntamente un miglioramento multiforme sia dell’hardware che del software per gli strumenti MT 2,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 . In questo lavoro, presentiamo un esempio di tale configurazione in esecuzione a 1,2 kHz e descriviamo come usarla per eseguire misurazioni nanomeccaniche su biomolecole sensibili alla forza. Come sistemi modello, utilizziamo forcine di DNA e complessi SNARE neuronali ed esaminiamo i loro rapidi cambiamenti strutturali nel regime di Piconewton. Le forcine per capelli in DNA mostrano semplici transizioni a due stati in un intervallo di forza ben definito^20,21, e quindi servono come modelli giocattolo per verificare le prestazioni di una configurazione pinzetta. Poiché le proteine SNARE si assemblano in un complesso sensibile alla forza che guida la fusione di membrana²², sono state anche ampiamente studiate mediante spettroscopia di forza a singola molecola 14,23,24,25. Vengono presentati approcci standard per l’analisi dei dati e l’estrazione di informazioni utili sulla termodinamica e sulla cinetica. Speriamo che questo articolo possa facilitare l’adozione di MT ad alta precisione negli studi meccanobiologici e motivare i lettori a esplorare i propri sistemi di interesse sensibili alla forza.

Protocol

Tutti i materiali e le attrezzature descritti in questo protocollo sono elencati nella tabella dei materiali. Il software LabVIEW per gestire la configurazione MT ad alta velocità descritta di seguito, così come gli script MATLAB per analizzare i dati di esempio, sono depositati su GitHub (https://github.com/ShonLab/Magnetic-Tweezers) e disponibili pubblicamente. 1. Costruzione di apparecchi NOTA: Il principio generale della costruz…

Representative Results

Calibrazione della forzaI risultati dei due metodi di misurazione della forza (varianza dello spostamento laterale delle perle e analisi dello spettro di potenza) differivano di 0-2 pN (Figura 2G). Secondo i risultati della Figura 2F, possiamo raggiungere in modo affidabile fino a 30 pN con magneti al neodimio regolari. Transizioni a due stati di una forcina di DNA da 8 bpPer prima cosa abbiam…

Discussion

In questo lavoro, abbiamo introdotto una configurazione di spettroscopia di forza a singola molecola in grado di osservare i cambiamenti strutturali delle biomolecole ad alta precisione spaziotemporale. La telecamera CMOS ad alta velocità utilizzata acquisisce 1.200 fotogrammi ^s-1 con risoluzione 1.280 x 1.024, consentendo il tracciamento delle perline a 1,2 kHz. Tuttavia, la velocità delle misurazioni è attualmente limitata dal software di tracciamento delle perline, quindi il ROI è in genere ridotto ad a…

Materials

Materials for construct synthesis
Agarose gel electrophoresis system	Advance	Mupid-2plus
DNA ladder	Bioneer	D-1037
nTaq polymerase	Enzynomics	P050A
PCR purification kit	LaboPass	CMR0112
PEGylated SMCC crosslinker / SM(PEG)2	ThermoFisher Scientific	22102	For SNARE–DNA coupling
Primer B	Bioneer	5'-Biotin/TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3'	For 5-kbp force calibration construct and DNA handles
Primer B_hp	IDT	5'-Biotin/TTTTTTTTTTGTTCTCTATTT TTTTAGAGAAC /AP site/ /AP site/ TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3'	For hairpin construct
Primer N	Bioneer	5'-C6Amine/CATGTGGGTGACGCGAAA-3'	For DNA handles
Primer Z	Bioneer	5'-Azide/TCGCCACCATCATTTCCA-3'	For DNA handles
Primer Z_5k	Bioneer	5'-Azide/TTAGAGAGTATGGGTATATGACA TCG-3'	For 5-kbp force calibration construct
Primer Z_hp	Bioneer	5'-Azide/GTGGCAGCATGACACC-3'	For hairpin construct
SYBR Safe DNA Gel Stain	ThermoFisher Scientific	S33102
λ-DNA	Bioneer	D-2510	Template strand for PCR
DNA sequences for SNARE proteins
6×His-tagged SNAP-25b (2-206; capitalized) in pET28a	homemade	tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctat gagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcca gggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcgg aagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt taagaaggagatataccATGGGCAGC AGCCATCATCATCATCATCACA GCAGCGGCCTGGTGCCGCGC GGCAGCCATACTAGCGGAGAT ATCGCCGAGGACGCAGACAT GCGCAATGAGCTGGAGGAGA TGCAGAGGAGGGCTGACCAG CTGGCTGATGAGTCCCTGGA AAGCACCCGTCGCATGCTGC AGCTGGTTGAAGAGAGTAAA GATGCTGGCATCAGGACTTT GGTTATGTTGGATGAGCAAG GCGAACAACTGGAACGCATT GAGGAAGGGATGGACCAAAT CAATAAGGACATGAAAGAAG CAGAAAAGAATTTGACGGAC CTAGGAAAATTCGCCGGCCT TGCCGTGGCCCCCGCCAAC AAGCTTAAATCCAGTGATGC TTACAAAAAAGCCTGGGGC AATAATCAGGATGGAGTAGT GGCCAGCCAGCCTGCCCG TGTGGTGGATGAACGGGAG CAGATGGCCATCAGTGGTG GCTTCATCCGCAGGGTAAC AAATGATGCCCGGGAAAAT GAGATGGATGAGAACCTG GAGCAGGTGAGCGGCATC ATCGGAAACCTCCGCCAC ATGGCTCTAGACATGGGCA ATGAGATTGACACCCAGA ATCGCCAGATCGACAGGA TCATGGAGAAGGCTGATT CCAACAAAACCAGAATTG ATGAAGCCAACCAACGTG CAACAAAGATGCTGGGAA GTGGTTAAggatccgaattcgag ctccgtcgacaagcttgcggccgcactc gagcaccaccaccaccaccactgagat ccggctgctaacaaagcccgaaagga agctgagttggctgctgccaccgctgag caataactagcataaccccttggggcct ctaaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctga aaggaggaactatatccggat
6×His-tagged VAMP2 (2-97, L32C/I97C; capitalized) in pET28a	homemade	tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctatg agaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcca gggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagc ggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt taagaaggagatataccATGGGCAGC AGCCATCATCATCATCATCAC AGCAGCGGCCTGGTGCCGC GCGGCAGCCATATGGCAGAT CTCTCGGCTACCGCTGCCAC CGTCCCGCCTGCCGCCCCG GCCGGCGAGGGTGGCCCCC CTGCACCTCCTCCAAATCTTA CCAGTAACAGGAGATGCCAG CAGACCCAGGCCCAGGTGG ATGAGGTGGTGGACATCATG AGGGTGAATGTGGACAAGGT CCTGGAGCGAGACCAGAAG CTATCGGAACTGGATGATCG CGCAGATGCCCTCCAGGCA GGGGCCTCCCAGTTTGAAA CAAGTGCAGCCAAGCTCAA GCGCAAATACTGGTGGAAA AACCTCAAGATGATGTGCTA Aggatccgaattcgagctccgtcg acaagcttgcggccgcactcgagcaccacca ccaccaccactgagatccggctgctaacaaa gcccgaaaggaagctgagttggctgctgcca ccgctgagcaataactagcataaccccttgg ggcctctaaacgggtcttgaggggttttttg ctgaaaggaggaactatatccggat
6×His-tagged ΔN-VAMP2 (49–96; capitalized) and Syntaxin-1A (191–267, I202C/I266C; capitalized) in pETDuet-1	homemade	ggggaattgtgagcggataacaattcccctc tagaaataattttgtttaactttaagaagga gatataccATGGGCAGCAGCCATCA TCATCATCATCACAGCAGCGG CCTGGAAGTTCTGTTCCAGGG GCCCGGTAATGTGGACAAGGT CCTGGAGCGAGACCAGAAGCT ATCGGAACTGGATGATCGCGC AGATGCCCTCCAGGCAGGGGC CTCCCAGTTTGAAACAAGTGC AGCCAAGCTCAAGCGCAAATAC TGGTGGAAAAACCTCAAGATGAT GTAAgcggccgcataatgcttaagtcgaaca gaaagtaatcgtattgtacacggccgcataa tcgaaattaatacgactcactataggggaat tgtgagcggataacaattccccatcttagta tattagttaagtataagaaggagatatacat ATGGCCCTCAGTGAGATCGAGA CCAGGCACAGTGAGTGCATC AAGTTGGAGAACAGCATCCG GGAGCTACACGATATGTTCAT GGACATGGCCATGCTGGTGG AGAGCCAGGGGGAGATGATT GACAGGATCGAGTACAATGTG GAACACGCTGTGGACTACGTG GAGAGGGCCGTGTCTGACACC AAGAAGGCCGTCAAGTACCAG AGCAAGGCACGCAGGAAGAA GTGCATGATCTAActcgagtc tggtaaagaaaccgctgctgcgaaatttgaa cgccagcacatggactcgtctactagcgcag cttaattaacctaggctgctgccaccgctga gcaataactagcataaccccttggggcctct aaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctgaaag gaggaactatatccggattggcgaatgggac gcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgg gtgtggtggttacgcgcagcgtgaccgctac acttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttc gctttcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcg ccggctttccccgtcaagctctaaatcgggg gctccctttagggttccgatttagtgcttta cggcacctcgaccccaaaaaacttgattagg gtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccctg atagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggag tccacgttctttaatagtggactcttgttcc aaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggt ctattcttttgatttataagggattttgccg atttcggcctattggttaaaaaatgagctga tttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaa aatattaacgtttacaatttctggcggcacg atggcatgagattatcaaaaaggatcttcac ctagatccttttaaattaaaaatgaagtttt aaatcaatctaaagtatatatgagtaaactt ggtctgacagttaccaatgcttaatcagtga ggcacctatctcagcgatctgtctatttcgt tcatccatagttgcctgactccccgtcgtgt agataactacgatacgggagggcttaccatc tggccccagtgctgcaatgataccgcgagac ccacgctcaccggctccagatttatcagcaa taaaccagccagccggaagggccgagcgca gaagtggtcctgcaactttatccgcctccatc cagtctattaattgttgccgggaagctagag taagtagttcgccagttaatagtttgcgcaa cgttgttgccattgctacaggcatcgtggtg tcacgctcgtcgtttggtatggcttcattca gctccggttcccaacgatcaaggcgagttac atgatcccccatgttgtgcaaaaaagcggtt agctccttcggtcctccgatcgttgtcagaa gtaagttggccgcagtgttatcactcatggt tatggcagcactgcataattctcttactgtc atgccatccgtaagatgcttttctgtgactg gtgagtactcaaccaagtcattctgagaata gtgtatgcggcgaccgagttgctcttgcccg gcgtcaatacgggataataccgcgccacata gcagaactttaaaagtgctcatcattggaaa acgttcttcggggcgaaaactctcaaggatc ttaccgctgttgagatccagttcgatgtaac ccactcgtgcacccaactgatcttcagcatc ttttactttcaccagcgtttctgggtgagcaaa aacaggaaggcaaaatgccgcaaaaaagg gaataagggcgacacggaaatgttgaatact catactcttcctttttcaatcatgattgaag catttatcagggttattgtctcatgagcgga tacatatttgaatgtatttagaaaaataaac aaataggtcatgaccaaaatcccttaacgtg agttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccccgt agaaaagatcaaaggatcttcttgagatcct ttttttctgcgcgtaatctgctgcttgcaaa caaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttg tttgccggatcaagagctaccaactcttttt ccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgcaga taccaaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgta gttaggccaccacttcaagaactctgtagca ccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgt taccagtggctgctgccagtggcgataagtc gtgtcttaccgggttggactcaagacgatag ttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaa cggggggttcgtgcacacagcccagcttgga gcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagataccta cagcgtgagctatgagaaagcgccacgcttccc gaagggagaaaggcggacaggtatccggta agcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcac gagggagcttccagggggaaacgcctggtatc tttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgccacctctg acttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtca ggggggcggagcctatggaaaaacgccagc aacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttg ctggccttttgctcacatgttctttcctgcg ttatcccctgattctgtggataaccgtatta ccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgc agccgaacgaccgagcgcagcgagtcagtg agcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatgcgg tattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttc acaccgcatatatggtgcactctcagtacaa tctgctctgatgccgcatagttaagccagta tacactccgctatcgctacgtgactgggtca tggctgcgccccgacacccgccaacacccgc tgacgcgccctgacgggcttgtctgctcccg gcatccgcttacagacaagctgtgaccgtct ccgggagctgcatgtgtcagaggttttcacc gtcatcaccgaaacgcgcgaggcagctgcgg taaagctcatcagcgtggtcgtgaagcgatt cacagatgtctgcctgttcatccgcgtccag ctcgttgagtttctccagaagcgttaatgtc tggcttctgataaagcgggccatgttaaggg cggttttttcctgtttggtcactgatgcctc cgtgtaagggggatttctgttcatgggggta atgataccgatgaaacgagagaggatgctca cgatacgggttactgatgatgaacatgcccg gttactggaacgttgtgagggtaaacaactg gcggtatggatgcggcgggaccagagaaaaa tcactcagggtcaatgccagcgcttcgttaa tacagatgtaggtgttccacagggtagccag cagcatcctgcgatgcagatccggaacataa tggtgcagggcgctgacttccgcgtttccag actttacgaaacacggaaaccgaagaccatt catgttgttgctcaggtcgcagacgttttgc agcagcagtcgcttcacgttcgctcgcgtat cggtgattcattctgctaaccagtaaggcaa ccccgccagcctagccgggtcctcaacgaca ggagcacgatcatgctagtcatgccccgcgc ccaccggaaggagctgactgggttgaaggct ctcaagggcatcggtcgagatcccggtgcct aatgagtgagctaacttacattaattgcgtt gcgctcactgcccgctttccagtcgggaaac ctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatgaatcggcc aacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgcgtattgg gcgccagggtggtttttcttttcaccagtga gacgggcaacagctgattgcccttcaccgcc tggccctgagagagttgcagcaagcggtcca cgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaaaatcctg tttgatggtggttaacggcgggatataacat gagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtatcccacta ccgagatgtccgcaccaacgcgcagcccgga ctcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcccagcgcc atctgatcgttggcaaccagcatcgcagtgg gaacgatgccctcattcagcatttgcatggt ttgttgaaaaccggacatggcactccagtcg ccttcccgttccgctatcggctgaatttgat tgcgagtgagatatttatgccagccagccag acgcagacgcgccgagacagaacttaatggg cccgctaacagcgcgatttgctggtgaccca atgcgaccagatgctccacgcccagtcgcgt accgtcttcatgggagaaaataatactgttg atgggtgtctggtcagagacatcaagaaata acgccggaacattagtgcaggcagcttccac agcaatggcatcctggtcatccagcggatag ttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgttgcgcga gaagattgtgcaccgccgctttacaggcttc gacgccgcttcgttctaccatcgacaccacc acgctggcacccagttgatcggcgcgagatt taatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacggcgcgtg cagggccagactggaggtggcaacgccaatc agcaacgactgtttgcccgccagttgttgtg ccacgcggttgggaatgtaattcagctccgc catcgccgcttccactttttcccgcgttttc gcagaaacgtggctggcctggttcaccacgc gggaaacggtctgataagagacaccggcata ctctgcgacatcgtataacgttactggtttc acattcaccaccctgaattgactctcttccg ggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaaaggtttt gcgccattcgatggtgtccgggatctcgacg ctctcccttatgcgactcctgcattaggaag cagcccagtagtaggttgaggccgttgagca ccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcatgcaagga gatggcgcccaacagtcccccggccacgggg cctgccaccatacccacgccgaaacaagcgc tcatgagcccgaagtggcgagcccgatcttc cccatcggtgatgtcggcgatataggcgcca gcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtgatgccgg ccacgatgcgtccggcgtagaggatcgagat cgatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacgactc actata
SNAP-25b (1–206, all C to A; capitalized) in pET28a	homemade	tggcgaatgggacgcgccctgtagcggcgca ttaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcgca gcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagc gcccgctcctttcgctttcttcccttccttt ctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaag ctctaaatcgggggctccctttagggttccg atttagtgctttacggcacctcgaccccaaa aaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtg ggccatcgccctgatagacggtttttcgccc tttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactca accctatctcggtctattcttttgatttata agggattttgccgatttcggcctattggtta aaaaatgagctgatttaacaaaaatttaacg cgaattttaacaaaatattaacgtttacaat ttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgc ggaacccctatttgtttatttttctaaatac attcaaatatgtatccgctcatgaattaatt cttagaaaaactcatcgagcatcaaatgaaa ctgcaatttattcatatcaggattatcaata ccatatttttgaaaaagccgtttctgtaatg aaggagaaaactcaccgaggcagttccatag gatggcaagatcctggtatcggtctgcgatt ccgactcgtccaacatcaatacaacctatta atttcccctcgtcaaaaataaggttatcaag tgagaaatcaccatgagtgacgactgaatcc ggtgagaatggcaaaagtttatgcatttctt tccagacttgttcaacaggccagccattacg ctcgtcatcaaaatcactcgcatcaaccaaa ccgttattcattcgtgattgcgcctgagcga gacgaaatacgcgatcgctgttaaaaggaca attacaaacaggaatcgaatgcaaccggcgc aggaacactgccagcgcatcaacaatatttt cacctgaatcaggatattcttctaatacctg gaatgctgttttcccggggatcgcagtggtg agtaaccatgcatcatcaggagtacggataa aatgcttgatggtcggaagaggcataaattc cgtcagccagtttagtctgaccatctcatct gtaacatcattggcaacgctacctttgccat gtttcagaaacaactctggcgcatcgggctt cccatacaatcgatagattgtcgcacctgat tgcccgacattatcgcgagcccatttatacc catataaatcagcatccatgttggaatttaa tcgcggcctagagcaagacgtttcccgttga atatggctcataacaccccttgtattactgt ttatgtaagcagacagttttattgttcatga ccaaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttcca ctgagcgtcagaccccgtagaaaagatcaaa ggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcg taatctgctgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccacc gctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaa gagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactg gcttcagcagagcgcagataccaaatactgt ccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccac ttcaagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacc tcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggctgc tgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccggg ttggactcaagacgatagttaccggataagg cgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtg cacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctac accgaactgagatacctacagcgtgagctatg agaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaa ggcggacaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtc ggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttcc agggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgt cgggtttcgccacctctgacttgagcgtcga tttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggccttttt acggttcctggccttttgctggccttttgct cacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgatt ctgtggataaccgtattaccgcctttgagtg agctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgacc gagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagc ggaagagcgcctgatgcggtattttctccttac gcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcatatat ggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgc cgcatagttaagccagtatacactccgctat cgctacgtgactgggtcatggctgcgccccg acacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctga cgggcttgtctgctcccggcatccgcttaca gacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagctgcat gtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaa cgcgcgaggcagctgcggtaaagctcatcag cgtggtcgtgaagcgattcacagatgtctgc ctgttcatccgcgtccagctcgttgagtttc tccagaagcgttaatgtctggcttctgataa agcgggccatgttaagggcggttttttcctg tttggtcactgatgcctccgtgtaaggggga tttctgttcatgggggtaatgataccgatga aacgagagaggatgctcacgatacgggttac tgatgatgaacatgcccggttactggaacgt tgtgagggtaaacaactggcggtatggatgc ggcgggaccagagaaaaatcactcagggtc aatgccagcgcttcgttaatacagatgtaggt gttccacagggtagccagcagcatcctgcga tgcagatccggaacataatggtgcagggcgc tgacttccgcgtttccagactttacgaaaca cggaaaccgaagaccattcatgttgttgctc aggtcgcagacgttttgcagcagcagtcgct tcacgttcgctcgcgtatcggtgattcattc tgctaaccagtaaggcaaccccgccagccta gccgggtcctcaacgacaggagcacgatcat gcgcacccgtggggccgccatgccggcgata atggcctgcttctcgccgaaacgtttggtgg cgggaccagtgacgaaggcttgagcgagggc gtgcaagattccgaataccgcaagcgacagg ccgatcatcgtcgcgctccagcgaaagcggt cctcgccgaaaatgacccagagcgctgccgg cacctgtcctacgagttgcatgataaagaag acagtcataagtgcggcgacgatagtcatgc cccgcgcccaccggaaggagctgactgggtt gaaggctctcaagggcatcggtcgagatccc ggtgcctaatgagtgagctaacttacattaa ttgcgttgcgctcactgcccgctttccagtc gggaaacctgtcgtgccagctgcattaatga atcggccaacgcgcggggagaggcggtttgc gtattgggcgccagggtggtttttcttttca ccagtgagacgggcaacagctgattgccctt caccgcctggccctgagagagttgcagcaag cggtccacgctggtttgccccagcaggcgaa aatcctgtttgatggtggttaacggcgggat ataacatgagctgtcttcggtatcgtcgtat cccactaccgagatatccgcaccaacgcgca gcccggactcggtaatggcgcgcattgcgcc cagcgccatctgatcgttggcaaccagcatc gcagtgggaacgatgccctcattcagcattt gcatggtttgttgaaaaccggacatggcact ccagtcgccttcccgttccgctatcggctga atttgattgcgagtgagatatttatgccagc cagccagacgcagacgcgccgagacagaa cttaatgggcccgctaacagcgcgatttgctgg tgacccaatgcgaccagatgctccacgccca gtcgcgtaccgtcttcatgggagaaaataat actgttgatgggtgtctggtcagagacatca agaaataacgccggaacattagtgcaggcag cttccacagcaatggcatcctggtcatccag cggatagttaatgatcagcccactgacgcgt tgcgcgagaagattgtgcaccgccgctttac aggcttcgacgccgcttcgttctaccatcga caccaccacgctggcacccagttgatcggcg cgagatttaatcgccgcgacaatttgcgacg gcgcgtgcagggccagactggaggtggcaac gccaatcagcaacgactgtttgcccgccagt tgttgtgccacgcggttgggaatgtaattca gctccgccatcgccgcttccactttttcccg cgttttcgcagaaacgtggctggcctggttc accacgcgggaaacggtctgataagagacac cggcatactctgcgacatcgtataacgttac tggtttcacattcaccaccctgaattgactc tcttccgggcgctatcatgccataccgcgaa aggttttgcgccattcgatggtgtccgggat ctcgacgctctcccttatgcgactcctgcat taggaagcagcccagtagtaggttgaggccg ttgagcaccgccgccgcaaggaatggtgcat gcaaggagatggcgcccaacagtcccccggc cacggggcctgccaccatacccacgccgaaa caagcgctcatgagcccgaagtggcgagccc gatcttccccatcggtgatgtcggcgatata ggcgccagcaaccgcacctgtggcgccggtg atgccggccacgatgcgtccggcgtagagga tcgagatctcgatcccgcgaaattaatacga ctcactataggggaattgtgagcggataaca attcccctctagaaataattttgtttaactt taagaaggagatataccATGGCCGA GGACGCAGACATGCGCAATG AGCTGGAGGAGATGCAGAGG AGGGCTGACCAGCTGGCTGA TGAGTCCCTGGAAAGCACCC GTCGCATGCTGCAGCTGGTT GAAGAGAGTAAAGATGCTGG CATCAGGACTTTGGTTATGTT GGATGAGCAAGGCGAACAAC TGGAACGCATTGAGGAAGGG ATGGACCAAATCAATAAGGAC ATGAAAGAAGCAGAAAAGAAT TTGACGGACCTAGGAAAATTC GCCGGCCTTGCCGTGGCCCC CGCCAACAAGCTTAAATCCAG TGATGCTTACAAAAAAGCCTG GGGCAATAATCAGGATGGAGT AGTGGCCAGCCAGCCTGCCC GTGTGGTGGATGAACGGGAG CAGATGGCCATCAGTGGTGGC TTCATCCGCAGGGTAACAAAT GATGCCCGGGAAAATGAGATG GATGAGAACCTGGAGCAGGT GAGCGGCATCATCGGAAACCT CCGCCACATGGCTCTAGACAT GGGCAATGAGATTGACACCCA GAATCGCCAGATCGACAGGAT CATGGAGAAGGCTGATTCCAA CAAAACCAGAATTGATGAAGC CAACCAACGTGCAACAAAGAT GCTGGGAAGTGGTTAA ctcgagcaccaccaccaccaccactgag atccggctgctaacaaagcccgaaagga agctgagttggctgctgccaccgctgagc aataactagcataaccccttggggcctc taaacgggtcttgaggggttttttgctgaa aggaggaactatatccggat
Materials for protein purificaiton
2-Mercaptoethanol	SIGMA	M3148-25ML
Agar	LPS Solution	AGA500
Ampicillin, Sodium salt	PLS	AC1043-005-00
Chloramphenicol	PLS	CR1023-050-00
Competent cells (E. coli)	Novagen	70956	Rosetta(DE3)pLysS
Glycerol	SIGMA	G5516-500ML
HEPES	SIGMA	H4034-100G
Hydrochloric acid / HCl	SIGMA	320331-500ML
Imidazole	SIGMA	I2399-100G
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside / IPTG	SIGMA	10724815001
Kanamycin Sulfate	PLS	KC1001-005-02
Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth	LPS Solution	LB-05
Ni-NTA resin	Qiagen	30210
PD MiniTrap G-25 (desalting column)	Cytiva	GE28-9180-07	For instructions, see: https://www.cytivalifesciences.com/en/us/shop/chromatography/prepacked-columns/desalting-and-buffer-exchange/pd-minitrap-desalting-columns-with-sephadex-g-25-resin-p-06174
Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride / PMSF	ThermoFisher Scientific	36978
Plasmids for SNARE proteins	cloned in house	N/A	Available upon request
Protease inhibitor cocktail	genDEPOT	P3100
Sodium chloride	SIGMA	S5886-500G
Sodium phosphate dibasic / Na2HPO4	SIGMA	S7907-100G
Sodium phosphate monobasic / NaH2PO4	SIGMA	S3139-250G
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine / TCEP	SIGMA	C4706-2G
Trizma base	SIGMA	T1503-250G
Materials for sample assembly
Biotin-PEG-SVA	LAYSAN BIO	BIO-PEG-SVA-5K-100MG & MPEG-SVA-5K-1g	For PEGylation
Dibenzocyclooctyne-amine / DBCO-NH2	SIGMA	761540-10MG	For bead coating
Double-sided tape	3M	136	For flow cell assembly
Epoxy glue	DEVCON	S-208	For flow cell assembly
Glass coverslip for bottom surface	VWR	48393-251	Rectangular, 60×24 mm, #1.5
Glass coverslip for top surface	VWR	48393-241	Rectangular, 50×24 mm, #1.5
Magnetic bead	ThermoFisher Scientific	14301	Dynabeads M-270 Epoxy, 2.8 μm
mPEG-SVA	LAYSAN BIO	mPEG-SVA 1g	For PEGylation
N,N-Dimethylformamide / DMF	SIGMA	D4551-250ML	For bead coating
N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine	SIGMA	104884-100ML	For PEGylation
Neutravidin	ThermoFisher Scientific	31000	For sample tethering
Phosphate buffered saline / PBS, pH 7.2	PLS	PR2007-100-00
Plastic syringe	Norm-ject	A5	5 ml, luer tip
Polyethylene Tubing	SCI	BB31695-PE/4	PE-60
Reference bead	SPHEROTECH	SVP-30-5	Streptavidin-coated Polystyrene Particles; 3.0-3.4 µm
Syringe needle	Kovax	21G-1 1/4''	21 G
Syringe pump	KD SCIENTIFIC	788210
Equipment for magnetic tweezer instrument
1-axis motorized microtranslation stage	PI	M-126.PD1	For vertical positioning of magnets
2-axis manual translation stage	ST1	LEE400	For alignment of magnets to the optical axis
Acrylic holder for magnets	DaiKwang Precision	custum order	Drawing available upon request
Frame grabber	Active Silicon	AS-FBD-4XCXP6-2PE8
High-speed CMOS camera	Mikrotron	EoSens 3CXP
Inverted microscope	Olympus	IX73P2F-1-2
Neodymium magnets	LG magnet	ND 10x10x12t	Dimension: 10 mm × 10 mm × 12 mm; two needed
Objective lens	Olympus	UPLXAPO100XO	Oil-immersion, NA 1.45
Objective lens nanopositioner	Mad City Labs	Nano-F100S
Rotation stepper motor	AUTONICS	A3K-S545W	For rotating magnets
Superluminescent diode	QPHOTONICS	QSDM-680-2	680 nm
Software
LabVIEW	National Instruments	v20.0f1
MATLAB	MathWorks	v2021a