Tumor Spheroid Fabrication and Encapsulation in Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogels for Studying Spheroid-Matrix Interactions
Summary
Here, we present a protocol that enables fast, robust, and cheap fabrication of tumor spheroids followed by hydrogel encapsulation. It is widely applicable as it does not require specialized equipment. It would be particularly useful for exploring spheroid-matrix interactions and building in vitro tissue physiology or pathology models.
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) encapsulation of spheroids is crucial to adequately replicate the tumor microenvironment for optimal cell growth. Here, we designed an in vitro 3D glioblastoma model for spheroid encapsulation to mimic the tumor extracellular microenvironment. First, we formed square pyramidal microwell molds using polydimethylsiloxane. These microwell molds were then used to fabricate tumor spheroids with tightly controlled sizes from 50-500 μm. Once spheroids were formed, they were harvested and encapsulated in polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels. PEG hydrogels are a versatile platform for spheroid encapsulation, as hydrogel properties such as stiffness, degradability, and cell adhesiveness can be tuned independently. Here, we used a representative soft (~8 kPa) hydrogel to encapsulate glioblastoma spheroids. Finally, a method to stain and image spheroids was developed to obtain high-quality images via confocal microscopy. Due to the dense spheroid core and relatively sparse periphery, imaging can be difficult, but using a clearing solution and confocal optical sectioning helps alleviate these imaging difficulties. In summary, we show a method to fabricate uniform spheroids, encapsulate them in PEG hydrogels and perform confocal microscopy on the encapsulated spheroids to study spheroid growth and various cell-matrix interactions.
Introduction
Tumor spheroids have emerged as useful in vitro tools in studying cancer etiology, pathology, and drug responsiveness1. Traditionally, spheroids have been cultured in conditions such as low adhesion plates or bioreactors, where cell-cell adhesion is favored over cell-surface adhesion2. However, it is now recognized that to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment more faithfully, in vitro spheroid models should capture both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This has prompted multiple groups to design scaffolds, such as hydrogels, where spheroids can be encapsulated3,4. Such hydrogel-based spheroid models enable the elucidation of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions on various cell behaviors, such as viability, proliferation, stemness, or therapy responsiveness3.
Here, we describe a protocol for the encapsulation of glioblastoma spheroids in polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels. There are multiple literature reports of glioblastoma cell spheroid encapsulation in hydrogels. For example, spheroids were formed by encapsulating U87 cells in PEG hydrogels decorated with an RGDS adhesive ligand and crosslinked with an enzymatically cleavable peptide to determine the effect of hydrogel stiffness on cell behavior5. U87 cells have also been formed in other PEG-based or hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels to expand the cancer stem cell population6 or to explore matrix-mediated mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance7,8,9. Glioblastoma spheroids have also been encapsulated in gelatin hydrogels to study the crosstalk between microglia and cancer cells and its effect on cell invasion10. Overall, such studies have demonstrated the utility of hydrogel-based in vitro models in understanding glioblastoma pathology and devising treatments.
Further, there are different methods for tumor spheroid fabrication and hydrogel encapsulation11. For example, dispersed cells could be seeded in hydrogels and allowed to form spheroids over time5,12. One drawback of such a method is the polydispersity of the formed spheroids, which could lead to differential cell responses. To produce uniform spheroids, cells could be encapsulated in microgels and cultured for extended periods until they invade and remodel the gel13, or cells could be deposited in templated gels with spherical 'holes' and allowed to aggregate14. The drawback of these methods is their relative complexity, the need for a droplet generator or other means to form microgels or the 'holes' in the gel, and the time it takes for spheroids to grow and mature. Alternatively, spheroids could be pre-formed in microwells9,15,16 or in hanging-drop plates17,18 and then encapsulated in a hydrogel, similar to the technique described here. These methods are simpler and can be done in a higher throughput fashion. Interestingly, it has been shown that the method of spheroid formation can affect spheroid cell behaviors, such as gene expression, cell proliferation, or drug responsiveness19,20.
Here, we focus on glioblastoma since it is a solid tumor whose native environment is the soft, nanoporous brain matrix21, which can be mimicked by a soft, nanoporous hydrogel. Glioblastoma is also the deadliest brain cancer for which there is no available cure22. However, the protocol described here can be used for the encapsulation of spheroids representing any solid tumor. We chose to use PEG hydrogels that are formed through a Michael-type addition reaction23. PEG is a synthetic, non-degradable, and biocompatible hydrogel that is inert and serves as scaffolding and physical cell support but does not support cell attachment23. Cell adhesiveness can be added separately via tethering of whole proteins or adhesive ligands24, and degradability can be added via chemical modifications of the PEG polymer chain or hydrolytically or enzymatically degradable crosslinkers25,26. This allows for biochemical properties to be tuned independently of mechanical or physical hydrogel properties, which could be advantageous in studying cell-matrix interactions. The Michael-type gelation chemistry is selective and happens at physiological conditions; hence, it allows for spheroid encapsulation by simply mixing the spheroids with the hydrogel precursor solution.
Overall, the methodology presented here has several notable characteristics. First, fabricating tumor spheroids in a multiwell assembly is efficient, quick, and the cost of the required materials is low. Second, the spheroids are produced in large batches in a variety of sizes with low polydispersity. Finally, only commercially available materials are required. The utility of the methodology is illustrated by exploring the effect of substrate properties on spheroid cell viability, circularity, and cell stemness.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Hydrogel-based multicellular tumor spheroid models are increasingly being developed to advance cancer therapeutic discoveries11,13,29. They are beneficial because they emulate key parameters of the tumor microenvironment in a controlled manner and, despite their complexity, are simpler and cheaper to use than in vivo models, and many are compatible with high-throughput screening technologies. The hydrogel biomaterials can be tun…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by start-up funds provided to Dr. Silviya P Zustiak by Saint Louis University as well as by a seed grant from the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience at Saint Louis University awarded to Dr. Silviya P Zustiak.
Materials
| 70% Ethanol | Fisher Scientific | LC22210-4 | |
| 15 mL Conicals | FALCON | 352097 | |
| 24-Well Plate Ultra Low Attachment plates | Fisher Scientific | 07-200-602 | |
| 35 mm Petri Dish | Amazon | 706011 | |
| 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-acrylate (4-arm PEG-Ac; 10 kDa) | Laysan Bio | ACRL-PEG-ACRL-10K-5g | |
| 50 mL Conicals | Fisher Scinetific | 3181345107 | |
| 6-well AggreWell 400 | StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada | 34421 | Square pyramidal microwells |
| anti-adherence rinsing solution | StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada | Cat #: 07010 | |
| Aspartic Acid-Arginine-Cysteine-Glycine-Valine-Proline-Methionine-Serine-Methionine-Arginine-Glycine-Cysteine-Arginine- Aspartic Acid (DRCG-VPMSMR-GCRD) peptide | Genic Bio, Shanghai, China | n/a | Custom synthesis |
| Chemical Fume Hood | KEWAUNEE | 99151 | |
| Corning Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix, LDEV Free | Corning | 356234 | Basement membrane matrix |
| DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride) | Thermo Scientific | 62247 | |
| Detergent – Triton-X | Sigma Aldrich | T8787 | Nonionic surfactant |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | Fisher Scientific | BP231-100 | |
| Disposable Pipettes (1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL) | Fisher Scinetific | 1 mL: 13-678-11B, 2mL: 05214038, 5mL(FALCON): 357529, 10mL: 13-678-11E, 25mL: 13-678-11, 50mL: 13-678-11F | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum | HyClone | SH30073-03 | |
| Formaldehyde 37% Solution | Sigma Aldrich | F1635 | |
| Glass Plates | Slumpys | GBS4100SFSL | |
| Glass Transfer Pipettes | Fisher Scinetific | 5 3/4": 1367820A, 9":136786B | |
| Glycine-Arginine-Cysteine-Aspartic Acid-Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid-Serine (GRCD-RGDS) peptide | Genic Bio, Shanghai, China | n/a | Custom synthesis |
| Hemacytometer | Bright-Line | 383684 | |
| Hydrophobic solution – Repel Silane | GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences | 17-1332-01 | |
| Incubator | NUAIRE | NU-8500 | |
| Inverted Microscope (Axiovert 25) | Zeiss | 663526 | |
| Invitrogen DiOC16(3) (3,3'-Dihexadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate) | Fisher Scientific | D1125 | |
| Leica Confocal SP8 | Leica Microsystems Inc. | ||
| Light and Flourescent Microscope (Axiovert 200M) | Zeiss | 3820005619 | |
| Micro centrifuge tubes | Fisher Scientific | 2 mL: 02681258 | |
| Microscope Software | Zeiss | AxioVision Rel. 4.8.2 | |
| Nestin Alexa Fluor 594 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-23927 | |
| Parafilm | PARAFILM | PM992 | |
| PBS (1x), pH 7.4 | HyClone | SH30256.01 | |
| Penicillin Streptomycin | MP Biomedicals | 1670046 | |
| Pipette Aid | Drummond Scientific Co. | P-76864 | |
| Pipette Tips (1–200 µL, 101–1000 µL) | Fisher Scinetific | 2707509 | |
| Plastic Standard Disposable Transfer Pipettes | Fisher Scientific | 13-711-9D | |
| Plastic Weigh Boats (100 mL) | Amazon | mdo-azoc-1030 | |
| poly(ethylene glycol)-dithiol (PEG-diSH; 3.4 kDa) | Laysan Bio | SH-PEG-SH-3400-5g | |
| Polydimehylsiloxane (PDMS) [Slygard 182 Elastomer Kit] | Elsworth Adhesives | 3097358-1004 | Polydimethylsiloxane |
| Powder Free Examination Gloves | Quest | 92897 | |
| Propidium iodide, 1 mg/mL aqueous soln. | Fisher Scientific | AAJ66584AB | |
| RPMI-1640 Medium (1x) | HyClone | SH30027-02 | |
| Silicone spacers – Silicone sheet, 0.5 mm thick/13 cm x 18 cm | Grace Bio-Labs | JTR-S-0.5 | |
| SOX2 Alexa Fluor 488 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-365823 | |
| Tissue Culture Hood | NUAIRE | NU-425-600 | |
| Triethanolamine, ≥99.0% (GC) | Sigma Aldrich | 90279 | |
| Trypsin 0.25% (1x) | Sigma Aldrich | SH30042.01 | |
| U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells | American Type Culture Collection | HTB-14 |
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