Using Low-Cost Dyes to Visualize Glycogen Accumulation and Gut Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Summary

Teaching biological sciences can be made more stimulating for students through the use of experimentation. This manuscript presents two different yet complementary protocols that can be utilized in the classroom to encourage students to formulate and test hypotheses related to high-calorie diets, starvation, and aging.

Abstract

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a transparent, non-parasitic nematode with a simple biology, which makes it a great tool for biological sciences teaching through the staining of the cells or their molecular content. Lugol dye (iodine-potassium iodide solution) has been widely used in biochemistry to stain glycogen stores. In this context, it is possible to observe differences between fed and starved animals, besides the effects of different conditions, such as different diets and oxygen levels. Erioglaucine is a blue dye that indicates the loss of the intestinal barrier. When the intestinal barrier is intact, the blue dye stains inside the lumen; however, when this integrity is disrupted, the dye leaks into the body cavity. Using a stereomicroscope or a microscope, teachers can demonstrate physiological and biochemical alterations, or they can instigate students to ask a scientific question and hypothesize and test their hypothesis using these assays. The present protocol describes two staining techniques in C. elegans that can be easily carried out by students.

Introduction

Biological sciences teaching in high school is a continuous challenge. Notably, the access and use of technology have brought important advances in the teaching-learning process, however, tools such as artificial intelligence chatbots make rationalizing and seeking evidence more difficult due to easy (and sometimes incorrect) responses obtained¹. Because of that, the use of a scientific method with practical experimentation in an inquiry-based approach in the classroom is an important strategy to develop or stimulate critical thinking, creativity, and technical skills in the students².

In this context, the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been successfully used in experimentation for teaching purposes³ because of its particular advantages: It is not a parasite and the Escherichia coli used for feeding is biosafety level-1, therefore reducing near to zero the biological hazard; it has an elegant and quantifiable locomotion movement, which is interesting for students to observe; and it is transparent, which allows organ observation, but also staining with pigments that can indicate the presence of biomolecules or the occurrence of physiological alterations⁴. Therefore, it is possible to hypothesize and test in the classroom simple postulations related to biochemistry and physiological changes such as aging.

Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate, formed by a long and branched chain of glucose molecules formed by glucosyl residues with (1→4)-α glycosidic linear linkages and (1→6)-α glycosidic bonds at branch points and is particularly important for muscle contraction, cell differentiation and glycemia maintenance⁵. Glycogen is synthesized after feeding due to insulin activation of the enzyme glycogen-synthase. During exercise or fasting, epinephrine or glucagon, respectively, activate glycogen phosphorylase and, therefore, break down the polysaccharide to provide glucose-6-phosphate to the muscle cells or release free glucose to circumvent hypoglycemia^6,7. Alterations in glycogen levels impacts cell differentiation, signaling, redox regulation, and stemness under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including cancer⁸. In C. elegans, glycogen is mainly found in esophageal muscle, hypodermis, intestine, neurons and mainly in body wall muscles⁹. The glycogen content can be measured by using Lugol's Iodine solution, since iodine binds into the helical coils forming an iodine-glycogen complex, giving a visible sharp blue-black or brown-black color, which has been successfully used to demonstrate glycogen content in C. elegans¹⁰. It has been demonstrated that glycogen accumulation caused by high glucose feeding can reduce worm's lifespan, therefore accelerating the aging process^11,12. In addition, metabolic disturbances, other hormones, and exposure to xenobiotics can alter glycogen metabolism as well^13,14. Therefore, experimentation on glycogen content in C. elegans is quite interesting, since diverse factors may disturb its metabolism and can stimulate an in-class discussion on basic biochemistry associated with transversal themes such as exercise, diets, diseases, and aging.

Aging is a time-dependent functional decline caused by cellular damage. This damage can be associated with oxidative stress, telomere attrition, loss of proteostasis, inflammation and even by accumulation of insoluble polyglucosan bodies¹⁵, just to name a few. One of the hallmarks of aging is the reduction of intestinal integrity, associated with several chronic conditions that occur during the life of an organism¹⁶. Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis depends on the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, which is supported by junctional proteins forming a physical barrier and connecting adjacent epithelial cells. When there is damage to this epithelium, leakage of luminal content into the interstitium occurs¹⁷. Based on this mechanism, the smurf test has been used to verify intestinal integrity in several animal models, since this blue dye Erioglaucine disodium salt does not cross the intestinal membrane, remaining in the lumen¹⁸. When worms are infected with a pathogen, contaminated with some toxicants or age, altering the interstitial integrity, the dye crosses the barrier and spreads all over the worm, which becomes all blue. This assay allows discussion on the physiology of aging and experimenting on factors that can accelerate or delay this process by exposing worms to different conditions. The protocols here will describe in detail these two, dye-based methods that can be easily done in class to instigate and stimulate students to formulate and test hypotheses related to biochemistry and physiology.

The first part of protocol shows its applicability to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the glycogen content in C. elegans model¹⁰. The purpose of second part of the protocol is to assess the integrity of the C. elegans intestine. This technique allows for the monitoring of C. elegans aging by evaluating the integrity of the intestinal membranes. Furthermore, it allows evaluating whether a substance accelerates or delays aging and whether any substances have toxic potential on the intestinal barrier¹⁹.

The C. elegans strain used for the present study was Bristol N2 wild type. However, the procedure can be replicated using strains that exhibit comparable growth rates, or the method must be adjusted based on need of equipment replacement, considering they have the same or similar function, or depending on the strain used, as certain strains have specific maintenance and/or sensitivity requirements; this information can be obtained from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) or WormBase website. These changes should not impact the reproducibility of the method.

Protocol

NOTE: Escherichia coli OP50 (E. coli OP50) bacteria and Bristol N2 wild type strains can be obtained from the CGC, University of Minnesota, USA or from donation from a C. elegans laboratory. For researchers' safety, it is imperative to use Personal Protective Equipment. Although the concentrations of reagents like hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide are low, it is essential to wear the recommended PPE, as highlighted in the manuscript, to minimize any potential risks associated with these che…

Representative Results

The glycogen content assay provides a robust and rapid method for screening various testing conditions, such as comparative studies of different strains that may influence glycogen synthesis or degradation. In this study, L4 worms were subjected to three distinct test conditions: fasting, feeding, and glucose-enriched groups. The assay was performed three times, with each condition replicated twice in each assay; a representative image is displayed in Figure 3. Following each assay, worms st…

Discussion

In summary, this protocol provides a qualitative evaluation of glycogen content in individual C. elegans worms using Lugol staining: a straightforward, robust, and swift assay. Lugol staining is a label-free and non-invasive approach that facilitates the acquisition of molecular data at subcellular resolutions, allowing for the monitoring of glycogen content fluctuations within single worms¹⁰. Furthermore, the assay offers the advantage of cost-effectiveness due to its minimal equipment r…

Materials

1.5 mL microtubes	Local suppliers	–
37-degree incubator	KS 4000i	97014-816
50 mL conical tube	Local suppliers	–
6 cm Petri plates	Local suppliers	–
Agar bacteriological	Dinâmica Química Contemporânea Ltda.	9002-18-0
C. elegans Bristol N2 (wild type)	Caenorhabditis elegans Genetic Center (CGC, Minnesota, USA)	–
CaCL2	Dinâmica Química Contemporânea Ltda.	10035-04-8
Cholesterol	Sigma-Aldrich Brasil Ltda	57-88-5
D-(+)-Glucose anhydrous	Neon	50-99-7
Distilled H2O	Local suppliers	–
Erioglaucine disodium salt	Sigma-Aldrich Brasil Ltda	3844-45-9
Escherichia coli OP50	Caenorhabditis elegans Genetic Center (CGC, Minnesota, USA)	–
Flow hood	Mylabor
Incubator	Panasonic Healthcare company of North America, MIR-254-PA.	–
KH2PO4	Dinâmica Química Contemporânea Ltda.	7778-77-0
Levamisole hydrochloride	RIPERCOL L 150F	–
Lugol solution	Sigma-Aldrich Brasil Ltda	L6146
MgSO4	Synth	S1063-01-AH
Microcentrifuge	Centrifuge 5425R Eppendorf SE, Germany
Na2HPO4	Dinâmica Química Contemporânea Ltda.	7558-79-4
NaCl	Dinâmica Química Contemporânea Ltda.	7647-14-5
Nystatin	Sigma-Aldrich Brasil Ltda	N6261
Peptone bacteriological	êxodo científica	91079-38-8
Stereomicroscope	Leica S8 Apo Stereomicroscope (São Paulo, Brazil)
Streptomycin Sulfate	Estreptomax	–