Intrafemoral Injection of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells into Immunocompromised Mice

Published: December 08, 2023

doi:

Emily F. Calderbank, Laura Magnani, Elisa Laurenti

¹Wellcome and Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Haematology,University of Cambridge

Summary

Intrafemoral injections allow for the engraftment of a small number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), by placing the cells directly in the bone marrow cavity. Here we describe an experimental protocol of intrafemoral injection of human HSPCs into immunodeficient mice.

Abstract

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their lifelong ability to produce all blood cell types. This is operationally tested by transplanting cell populations containing HSCs into syngeneic or immunocompromised mice. The size and multilineage composition of the graft is then measured over time, usually by flow cytometry. Classically, a population containing HSCs is injected into the circulation of the animal, after which the HSCs home to the bone marrow, where they lodge and begin blood production. Alternatively, HSCs and/or progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be placed directly in the bone marrow cavity.

This paper describes a protocol for intrafemoral injection of human HSPCs into immunodeficient mice. In short, preconditioned mice are anesthetized, and a small hole is drilled through the knee into the femur using a needle. Using a smaller insulin needle, cells are then injected directly into the same conduit created by the first needle. This method of transplantation can be applied in varied experimental designs, using either mouse or human cells as donor cells. It has been most widely used for xenotransplantation, because in this context, it is thought to provide improved engraftment over intravenous injections, therefore improving statistical power and reducing the number of mice to be used.

Introduction

Blood has one of the highest regeneration rates in the human body, producing 1 × 10¹² cells per day in the adult human bone marrow¹. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) guarantee blood production over the lifespan by the process of hematopoiesis and are defined by their capacity to produce all blood cell types (multipotentiality) while maintaining themselves (self-renewal). Historically, the gold standard for testing the function of an HSC has always relied on transplantation, testing the ability of a donor population to reconstitute all blood lineages of a mouse long-term (commonly defined as a minimum of 20 weeks)². A large body of functional work spanning several decades has demonstrated that the HSC compartment is heterogeneous in both lineage output and long-term reconstitution. The toolkit to study hematopoiesis has expanded considerably over the years, with many new techniques, including in vitro single-cell functional assays, single-cell -omics approaches, and lineage tracing³. The latter have conclusively demonstrated that the contributions of HSC and multipotent progenitors largely differ in native hematopoiesis and under the stress imposed by transplantation. All these techniques complement transplantation assays, which remain important to assess the long-term repopulation capacity of HSCs. In the context of the study of human hematopoiesis, xenotransplantation provides the only method to experimentally assess self-renewal in a whole-organism setting.

Xenotransplantation of HSCs is commonly performed using intravenous injection of cells into immunocompromised mice. However, HSCs are rare⁴ and access to human samples containing HSCs is limited. In 2003, the group of John Dick adapted a protocol for bone marrow aspiration and intrafemorally injected non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice with Lin⁻CD34⁺ umbilical cord blood (CB) cells⁵. To our knowledge, there has been no reported formal comparison of intravenous versus intrafemoral injections in long-term and serial transplantation outcomes. However, compared directly with intravenous injections, intrafemoral injections provide larger graft sizes with the same number of transplanted cells⁶, at least in the short term. In addition, engraftment can be detected with many fewer hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) transplanted. This is thought to be because intrafemoral delivery bypasses the need for HSCs to home to the bone marrow, which in the xenograft context is limiting due to a lack of cross-species reactivity for a number of receptors and cytokines. Via the use of intrafemoral injections, Notta and colleagues were the first to transplant single human HSCs⁷, though extra considerations need to be taken, as described in their methods. Intrafemoral delivery of HSPCs also has limitations. The injection itself disrupts and destroys part of the bone marrow, and therefore is not indicated for studies of the crosstalk between HSCs and their bone marrow microenvironment. Additionally, the maximum number of cells is limited by the volume of that bone cavity and that may be too few for some applications. As with every technique, its application in a specific experiment needs to be weighed up based on the benefits/disadvantages and the question being asked. In the context of xenotransplantation, if the aim of the experiment is to test the engraftment of a low number of human HSPCs with no assessment of microenvironment, intrafemoral delivery is usually preferred over intravenous injection.

Protocol

All animal research presented here adheres to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations 2012 and was performed after ethical review and approval by the University of Cambridge Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (AWERB). Female NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice, aged between 12 and 16 weeks (~21-30 g), bred in-house and maintained in a Specific-Pathogen-Free animal facility, were used for intrafemoral injections. De-identified CB samples were collected from healt…

Representative Results

The engraftment of the intrafemorally injected cells can be assessed at any time point from 24 h onwards depending on the experimental design. At the end time point, IF, BM, PB, and spleens may be collected. These can be processed, and the level of engraftment assessed via flow cytometry. To robustly call human engraftment even at low levels, we stained with two distinct antibodies against human CD45 (clone HI30 and clone 2D1). Only cells positive for both antibodies (CD45++) were considered of human origin. T…

Discussion

Intrafemoral injections are a useful tool in xenotransplantation when only a small number of HSPCs are available, providing improved engraftment compared to intravenous injections. However, the technique requires dexterity and training. When practicing, we would recommend using fresh cadavers of the correct weight range (see below) and injecting a colored dye (such as trypan blue) so that upon dissection, it is clear if the injection went into the femur and was restricted to it (no dye should be observed in the muscles)….

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the group of Dr John Dick for previous work on this method, and Monica Doedens for training. We are grateful to the Cambridge Blood and Stem Cell Biobank (CBSB), specifically Dr. Joanna Baxter and the team of CBSB nurses who consented and collected cord blood samples; our sample donors; the University Biomedical Service, specifically Nicolas Lumley and staff at The Anne McLaren Building for maintenance of our mice strains and support of our in vivo experiments; Shaaezmeen Basheer for editing of the manuscript.

E.L. is funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (107630/Z/15/A). L.M. is supported by Sofinter – HR Welfare Program. This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust (203151/Z/16/Z, 203151/A/16/Z, 215116/Z/18/Z) and the UKRI Medical Research Council (MC_PC_17230). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.

Materials

0.5 mL Insulin Syringe with 29 G x 12.7 mm Needle	BD	324892
1 mL Insulin Syringe with 29 G x 0.5" Needle	BD	324827
1.5 mL tube	Fisherbrand	509-GRD-PFB
3 mL syringe	HENKE SASS WOLF GMBH	4020.000V0
5 mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube with Cell Strainer Cap 12 x 75 mm	Falcon	352235	FACS tube
5 mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube with Snap Cap 12 x 75 mm	Falcon	352058	FACS tube
27 G 1/2" needle	BD	300635
40 µm cell strainer for 50 mL tube	Greiner Bio-one	542040
50 mL tube	Sarstedt Ltd	62.547.254
96 well round-bottom plate	Falcon	351177
Alcohol Swab	VITREX MEDICAL A/S	520213
BD LSR Fortessa X-20 Cell Analyzer	BD		flow cytometer
Buphrenorphine	Animalcare	XVD190
CD14/PECy7 (Clone M5E2)	biolegend	301814	Used at 1 in 1000
CD19/Alexa 700 (Clone HIB19)	biolegend	302226	Used at 1 in 300
CD19/FITC (Clone HIB19)	biolegend	302206	Used at 1 in 200
CD3/APCCy7 (Clone HIT3a)	biolegend	300318	Used at 1 in 100
CD33/APC (Clone P67.6)	BD	345800	Used at 1 in 200
CD45/BV510 (Clone HI30)	biolegend	304036	Used at 1 in 500
CD45/PECy5 (Clone 2D1)	biolegend	368526	Used at 1 in 300
CompBeads Anti-Mouse Ig, κ/Negative Control Compensation Particles Set	BD	552843
Dnase 1	Worthington Biochemical	LS002139
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	PAN-Biotech	P40-37500
Glycophorin A (GlyA)/PE (Clone GA-R2)	BD	340947	Used at 1 in 1000
Iscove Modified Dulbecco Media (IMDM)	PAN-Biotech	P04-20250
Isoflurane (IsoFlo 100% w/w Inhalation Vapor, liquid)	Zoetis	115095
Microvette 300 Lithium heparin LH, 300 µL	Sarstedt Ltd	20.1309	Mouse blood collection tube
NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice	Charles River
Pancoll human, Density: 1.077 g/mL	PAN-Biotech	P04-60500
Penicillin-Streptomycin	Gibco	15140122
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	Gibco	14190169

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