Summary

肝静脉压梯度和转性肝活检测量

Published: June 18, 2020
doi:

Summary

在这里,我们提出了一个测量肝静脉压梯度(HVPG)的协议,这是诊断临床上显著门户高血压的黄金标准。此外,我们描述了如何在同一会话内进行血管内肝脏活检。

Abstract

在这里,我们提供了一个详细的协议,描述肝静脉压梯度(HVPG)测量在晚期慢性肝病患者的临床过程,然后指导血管活检。在局部麻醉和超声波指导下,导管引入器护套放置在正确的内部血管中。使用荧光引导,气球导管被推进到劣质的静脉卡瓦(IVC),并插入一个大的肝静脉。通过注射对比介质来保证导管的正确和足够的楔形位置,同时气球会阻断罐式肝静脉的外流。校准外部压力传感器后,通过楔形肝静脉压力 (WHVP) 和自由肝静脉压力 (FHVP) 的三重记录获得连续压力记录。FHVP 和 WHVP 之间的差异称为 HVPG,值≥10 mm Hg 表示临床上显著的门户高血压 (CSPH)。在取出导管之前,记录 IVC 中在同一级别获得的压力读数以及正确的体外压力。

最后,可以通过相同的血管途径进行血管外肝活检。不同的系统可用:然而,核心活检针比吸入针更受欢迎,尤其是对于心律失常的肝脏。同样,在荧光镜指导下,活检针引体护套被推进到肝静脉中。接下来,通过介绍者护套轻轻推进血管活检针:(i) 在吸入活检的情况下,针头在吸入下进入肝帕伦奇马,然后快速取出,或(ii)在核心活检的情况下,切割机制在帕伦奇马内触发。可以通过变性活检安全地进行几个单独的通道,以获得足够的肝脏标本。在有经验的手中,这些程序的组合大约需要30-45分钟。

Introduction

肝硬化患者有出现并发症的风险,这些并发症大多与门户高血压(PHT)有关,如胃或食管静脉曲张1、2、3的腹水或出血。肝退补偿的风险与PHT2的程度有关。肝静脉压梯度(HVPG)的测量是估计肝硬化患者门户静脉压力的黄金标准,即评估鼻窦门户高血压4的严重程度。≥6 mm Hg 至 9 mm Hg 的 HVPG 表示门户压力升高(”亚线门户高血压”),而 HVPG ≥10 mm Hg 定义 CSPH。该协议详细描述了设备和流程,并突出了潜在的陷阱,并为故障排除提供了建议。

临床上,HVPG的测量表明(一)建立鼻窦门户高血压的诊断, (二)通过诊断CSPH(HVPG ≥10 mm Hg)来识别有肝病康复风险的患者:(三) 指导静脉出血的初级或二级预防的药理治疗,(四) 评估局部肝切除术肝衰竭的风险。HVPG 被用作肝纤维化/功能改善和/或恶化的既定代孕标记,因为 HVPG 的减少转化为临床上有意义的益处5,而较高的 HVPG 值则与增加的静脉出血风险6有关。根据对非选择性β阻滞剂(NSBB)或病因疗法下患者HVPG变化的观察,HVPG减少10%被认为是临床上相关的7,8。

迄今为止,没有替代的非侵入性参数反映与HVPG类似的精度门户压力的程度。即使HVPG实际上是一种”间接”的方式来测量门户压力,它强烈相关,从而准确地反映”直接”测量的门户压力在肝硬化患者9。重要的是,HVPG测量应该使用气球导管进行,以最大限度地提高评估的肝帕伦奇马10,11,12。虽然HVPG测量是侵入性的,资源密集型的,需要干预技能和专业知识来解释压力读数的可靠性和合理性,但这种方法是目前诊断和监测肝硬化患者的门户高血压的黄金标准13,14,15。

简单的实验室值,如血小板计数,可能有助于估计CSPH的可能性。然而,血小板计数,或包括血小板计数的非侵入性分数,具有有限的预测值16。在肝硬化患者中显示 splomegaly17 或端粒体抵押品18 的成像模式表明存在 CSPH,但无助于量化门户高血压的实际程度。新型非侵入性成像工具,如肝脏19 和/或脾脏20 的弹性成像,对于排除或排除CSPH的存在是有用的。尽管如此,没有一种可用的方法能够直接测量门户压力21的动态变化。

一些具有里程碑意义的研究强调了HVPG的预测价值, 表明HVPG≥10毫米汞柱(即CSPH)对变异8的形成(以及与门户高血压22相关的并发症的发展)具有预测性,而HVPG的(药理学诱发的)减少则调节了变异生长23和减补偿7的相应风险。HVPG 反应是 NSB 在预防(经常性)静脉出血方面有效性的唯一既定替代。如果HVPG降低到12毫米汞≤值,或在NSBB治疗期间降低≥10-20%,患者可免受静脉出血和存活率增加24,25。同样,HVPG反应也降低了经补偿的肝硬化患者的阿西特和相关并发症的发病率5,26。多项研究已提供证据,支持使用HVPG指导疗法27、28、29、30、31、32。因此,在有足够经验的中心,HVPG反应可以指导治疗决策,为门户高血压患者提供个性化的药物。

此外,HVPG的测量可能作为概念验证研究的替代终点,评估从长凳到床边的肝硬化和/或门户高血压新疗法的有效性,如索拉芬尼布33,34,辛伐他汀35,36,牛磺37,或埃里卡桑38。最终,HVPG的测量也可以提供有关HCC39和肝衰竭后肝切除40的风险的重要预测信息。

在二级和三级护理中心应随时提供测量HVPG的基础设施。由于HVPG测量技术需要专门的培训和设备,因此学术和移植中心建立肝动力学实验室,促进门户高血压的最先进的诊断和管理,似乎是合理的。大容量中心每年执行数百次 HVPG 测量。根据我们的经验,在 50-100 次监督的 HVPG 测量之后,通常会获得足够的专业知识来进行准确的 HVPG 测量。

Protocol

此处描述的议定书符合维也纳医科大学人类研究伦理委员会的准则。 1. 准备工作 使用配备数字 X 射线荧光镜系统 (图 1A)、监视器系统 (图1B)、压力记录器和传感器 (图1C)连接到打印机或录制软件以及超声波设备 (图1D)…

Representative Results

在肝功能保存完好的补偿患者(即没有任何肝退化史,如腹腔或静脉出血)中,测量的HVPG值可能是正常的,或在亚线门户高血压(HVPG 6-9 mm Hg)范围内。然而,补偿的患者可能会发展CSPH(HVPG≥10毫米汞柱),这表明开发变异或肝退补偿的风险增加。反过来,食管或胃静脉曲张的患者,HVPG通常在CSPH的范围,如果不是患者应评估门户静脉血栓的存在或其他原因的预肝/前体门户高血压。在有食管静脉…

Discussion

虽然HVPG测量需要大量的资源和训练有素的个人与干预技能和专业知识的阅读压力跟踪,它改善预测,并可能指导治疗决定,从而促进个性化的医学。此外,在同一会话中,通过跨性别途径安全获得肝脏活检标本的机会是赞成在三级护理中心实施肝血动力学实验室的另一个论点。事实上,指引支持在拥有足够专业知识和资源的中心使用HVPG测量技术。手术…

Offenlegungen

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

维也纳总医院和维也纳医科大学为维也纳肝血动力学实验室提供基础设施。维也纳肝血动力学实验室的前任成员和同事应该了解他们的宝贵意见,帮助不断改进我们机构的HVPG测量和血管肝活检方法。此外,我们感谢胃肠病学和肝病科的护士,他们是维也纳血动力学实验室的重要组成部分,并不断为患者提供出色的护理。

Materials

10 mL Luer-Lock syringe Braun REF 4617100V, LOT 17G03C8 Luer-Lock Syringe for connection with the aspiration biopsy set
10 mL Syringe 2x Braun REF 4606108V Snonpyrogenic, nontoxic 10 mL syringe
10 F liver biopsy  introducer sheath set Cook Medical REF RCFW-10.0-38, REF G07600 Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Set (TJBX), 10F Port, 13cm, Check-Flo Performer Introducer
18 G needle for biopsy introducer sheat Arrow International REF AN-04318 Introducer Needle for TJBX Set, 18 G, 6.35 cm
21 G needle Henke Sass Wolf REF 0086, Fine-Ject 21Gx2" Sterile injeciton needle, 21 Gx2", 0.8 x 50 mm, for local anesthesia
3-way channels Becton Dickinson BD Connecta Luer-Lok, REF 39402 Three way channel with Luer-Lok connection system
7.5 F catheter introducer sheath set Arrow International REF SI_09875-E Percutaneous Sheath Introducer Set, 7.5 F Port
Aspiration TJLBX set Cook Medical REF RMT-16-51.0-TJL, REF G20521 TJ Liver Access and Biopsy Needle Set (Aspiration Set), 9 F-45 cm, 16 G-50.5 cm
Balloon catheter Gerhard Pejcl Medizintechnik Austria REF 500765B Ferlitsch HVPG Catheter, 7F-65cm, Balloon:2.5mL, Pressure 50-90 kPa, GW: 0.032"
Blade 11 scalpel Medi-Safe Surgicals MS Safety Scalpel REF /Batch 18012424 11 blade safety scalpels, retractable, single use, 10 scalpels per package
Blunt tip fill needle Becton Dickinson REF 303129 Sterile blunt tip fill needle, single use
Contrast media (dye) Dr. Franz Köhler Chemie GmbH, Bensheim, GER ZNR 1-24112 Peritrast 300 mg Iod/mL, 50 mL, contrastmedia
Core TJLBX set Cook Medical REF RMT-14XT-50.5-LABS-100, REF G08285 TJ Needle Introducer and Bx-Needle 7 F-53.5 cm, 14 G-53.5 cm/20 mm, 18 G-60 cm
Digital x-ray fluoroscope system Siemens Model No 07721710 ARCADIS Varic, mobile x-ray fluoroscope system
Disinfectant solution Gebro Pharma 1-20413 Isozid-H
Face mask MSP Medizintechnik GmbH REF HSO36984 Surgical face mask from double fleece, with tie, 50 pieces
Guide wire for biopsy introducer sheat Arrow International REF AW-14732 Marked Spring-Wire Guide, TJBX Set, 0.032", 0.81 mm, 68 cm
Infusion line Rosstec Medical Products b Cardea GmbH & Co REF 220010, 100m Infusion line, Luer-Lok for connection of balloon catheter and pressure transducer
Lidocaine 2% Gebro Pharma Xylanaest, ZNR 17.792, 20mg/1mL (2%) Sterile vials Xylanest including 2% Lidocain hydrochloride for local anesthesia
Midazolame Roche Dormicum, ZNr 1-18809, Midazolam 5mg/5mL Sterile vials Dormicum including Midazolam for sedation
Monitor system Datex-Ohmeda by GE Type F-CMREC1 Patient monitoring system
Patient bench Silerlen-MAQET Model No 7474.00A Mobile patient bench for x-ray fluoroscopy
Pressure bag Ethox Corp REF 4005 Pressure Infuser Bag 500 mL
Pressure recorder Edwards Lifesciences Ref T001631A, Lot 61202039 TruWave 3 cc/150 cm
Pressure transducer Edwards Lifesciences TM REF T001631A Pressure Monitoring Set (1x), 3 cc/150 cm, TruWave TM
Recording software  Datex Ohmeda by GE Software S/5 is property of Instrumentarium Corp of Datex-Ohmeda TM Datex-Ohmeda S/5TM Collect – Software to record pressure tracings of the patient monitor system
Sterile coat Lohmann & Rauscher International GmbH & Co REF 19351 Surgical Gown, Different sizes, e.g. L-130 cm
Sterile gauze Hartmann REF 401798, 10x10cm gauze 10 x 10 cm sterile gauze, 10 pieces per package
Sterile gloves Meditrade REF 9021 Gentle Skin sterile gloves, different sizes, e.g. 7.5
Sterile saline solution Fresenius Kabi NaCl 0.9%, B009827 REV 03 Physiologic Saline Solution 0.9% NaCl, 309 mosmol/L, pH-Wert: 4.5-7.0
Sterile saline vessel KLS Martin REF K8A,  18/10 Jonas Sterilizable Metal Vessel for sterile saline
Sterile table cover Hartmann REF 2502208 Table Cover, Foliodrape 150 x 100 cm
Sterile towel BARRIER by Mölnlycke Health Care REF 706900 Adhesive OP-Towel, 100 x 100 cm
Sterile US probe cover sheath Websinger REF 07014 Sterile ultrasound probe cover, 20 x 60 cm, inluding two sterie adhesive tapes
Stiff guidewire Cook Medical REF TSMG-35-180-4-LES, G46729 Lunderquist Extra Stiff Wire Guide, 0.035"-.89 mm, 180 cm, 4 cm flexible tip
Surgical cap BARRIER by Mölnlycke Health Care REF 620500, PCS 100, Colour Green Surgical Cap
Ultrasound device FUJIFILM SonoSite Model M-Turbo, REF P17000-17 Mobile ultrasound system

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Reiberger, T., Schwabl, P., Trauner, M., Peck-Radosavljevic, M., Mandorfer, M. Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy. J. Vis. Exp. (160), e58819, doi:10.3791/58819 (2020).

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