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Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
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Acknowledgements
Materials
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Biología

세포 분열 및 확장의 운동 학적 분석 : 성장과 샘플링 발달 영역의 세포 기초의 정량화<em> ZEA 메이스</em> 잎

Published: December 02, 2016
doi:
10.3791/54887
, ,
1Department of Biology,University of Antwerp

Summary

Quantifying cell division and expansion is of crucial importance to the understanding of whole-plant growth. Here, we present a protocol to calculate cellular parameters determining maize leaf growth rates and highlight the use of these data for investigating molecular growth regulatory mechanisms by directing developmental stage-specific sampling strategies.

Abstract

Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.

Introduction

성장 분석은 일반적으로 환경 적 요인에 대한 유전자형 결정 성장의 차이 및 / 또는 표현형의 반응을 설명하기 위해 식물 과학자들에 의해 사용되는 도구 세트에 따라 달라집니다. 그들은 성장의 기본 메커니즘을 탐구하는 크기와 무게 전체 식물의 측정 또는 장기 성장 속도의 계산을 포함한다. 장기 성장은 세포 수준에서 세포 분열과 팽창에 의해 결정된다. 따라서, 분석 성장이 두 프로세스의 정량화를 포함하는 전체 장기 성장 1의 차이를 이해하는 열쇠이다. 따라서, 비 전문 실험실에서 사용하는 것이 상대적으로 쉽다 세포 성장 파라미터를 결정하는 적절한 방법을 위해 중요하다.

운동 학적 분석은 이미 장기 성장 모델이 개발을위한 강력한 프레임 워크를 제공하는 방식으로 설정되어있다. 이 기술은 선형 시스템에 최적화 된,이러한 애기 장대의 뿌리와 잎 외떡잎로서뿐만 아니라, 쌍떡잎 식물 잎 3 비 – 선형 시스템에 대한. 오늘날,이 방법은 점점 방법 유전 호르몬 발달을 연구하는 데 사용되는, 환경 적 인자, 세포 분열 및 다양한 기관에서 팽창 (표 1)에 영향을 준다. 제한이 식물 재료의보다 많은 양을 필요로 기술 (예, 대사 산물에 대한 장기의 크기와 공간적인 조직에 의해 부과 될 수 있지만, 또한, 또한, 그들의 기본적인 생화학 적 분자, 및 생리적 규정 (표 2)에 세포 과정을 연결하는 프레임 워크를 제공한다 측정 프로테오믹스 등).

예컨대 옥수수 (ZEA 메이스) 잎과 같은 외떡잎 잎 순차적 성숙에 도달하는 분열 조직 및 연신 존을 통과하는 세포가 선단을 향해 판의베이스를 이동하는 선형 시스템을 나타내는존. 이는 성장 (4)의 공간 패턴의 정량적 연구 이상적인 모델 시스템 만든다. 또한, 옥수수 잎 (몇 cm (5)에 걸친 분열과 신장 영역) 큰 성장 영역이 다른 조직 수준의 연구에 대한 가능성을 제공합니다. 이 분자 기술, 생리 학적 측정 및 세포 생물학 접근 (표 2)의 범위를 통해 운동 학적 분석에 의해 정량화 세포 분열 및 확장을 제어 (추정) 규제 메커니즘의 조사를 할 수 있습니다.

여기서는 단자엽 나뭇잎의 운동 학적 분석을 수행하기위한 프로토콜을 제공한다. 첫째, 우리는 리프 축의 위치와 얼마나 학적 매개 변수를 계산하는 함수로서 세포 분열과 세포 신장 둘의 적절한 분석을 수행하는 방법을 설명한다. 둘째, 우리는 또한이가 샘플링 디자인의 기초로 사용할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 여기서 우리는 두 가지 사례를 토론 고해상도 샘플링을D는 각각 향상된 데이터 해석 및 시간 / 비용의 절감을 가능하게 샘플링을 집중했다.

운동의 표 1. 개요 세포 분열 및 다양한 기관에서 확장 정량화하는 방법을 분석한다.

오르간 참고
외떡잎 잎 16, 20, 21, 22
루트 팁 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
쌍떡잎 식물 잎 21, 30, 31
혀끝의 분열 조직을 촬영 (32)

운동의 표 1. 개요 세포 분열 및 다양한 기관에서 확장 정량화하는 방법을 분석한다.

<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within 페이지 = "1"> 그림 3

분자 수준에서 자신의 규제기구 학적 분석에 의해 정량 세포 과정과 표 2에 연결합니다. 다양한 종 및 기관에서 생화학 및 분자 분석 결과에 세포 프로세스의 정량화를 연결하는 다양한 연구에 대한 참조. 크 실로 글루칸 endotransglucosylase (XET), 말론 디 알데히드 (MDA), 사이클린 의존 키나제 (CDK). 이 테이블의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.

Protocol

참고 : 운동 학적 분석을 위해 다음 프로토콜은 정상 상태 성장하는 동안 잎에만 유효합니다. 이것은 몇 일 (6)의 기간 동안 안정한 잎의 신장 속도와 셀 길이와 리프 팽창 공간 패턴을 의미한다. 1. 식물 성장과 잎 신장 속도의 측정 (LER) 정상 상태의 성장에 잎과 관심의 발달 단계를 선택합니다. 참고 : 동일한 축의 연속 잎 유사한 공간 패턴을 의미…

Representative Results

여기, 우리는 그들의 잎 성장의 관점에서 가뭄 스트레스 조건 (가뭄, 34 % SWC)를 실시 잘 급수 설비 (제어, 54 % 토양 수분 함량, (SWC))과 식물 사이의 비교를 나타낸다. 모든 식물은 ° C를 하루 / 밤, 300-400 μEm -2 초 -1 광합성 활성 방사선 (PAR). 가뭄 조건 25 ° C / 18을, 통제 된 조건 (16 시간 일 / 8 시간 밤에서 성장 챔버에서 성장했다 올바른 SWC에 도달 한 후, 추가?…

Discussion

옥수수 잎 전체 학적 분석 판 성장의 셀룰러 기반의 판정이 가능하고 효율적인 샘플링 전략의 디자인을 허용한다. 프로토콜은 비교적 간단하지만, 몇 가지주의 사항은 다음 중요한 단계 추천 : (1)은 분열 조직의 길이 결정 (3 단계) 때문에, 분열 조직에 손상을주지 않고 젊은, 동봉 된 잎 (2.3 단계) 분리하는 것이 중요합니다 전체가 필요합니다 분열 조직은 존재합니다. 연습은 사전에 필요할 수 있?…

Divulgaciones

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

이 작품은 VA에 앤트워프 대학에서 박사 친교에 의해 지원되었다; KS에 플랑드르 과학 재단 (FWO, 11ZI916N)에서 박사 교제; FWO (G0D0514N)에서 프로젝트 보조금; 공동의 연구 활동 (GOA) 연구 보조금, 앤트워프 대학의 연구위원회에서 "잎 형태 형성의 시스템 생물학 접근"; 그리고 Interuniversity 매력 폴란드 (IUAP VII / 29, MARS), 모든 비디오에 기여 GTSB 한 Asard, Bulelani L. Sizani과 하마다 AbdElgawad에 벨기에 연방 과학 정책 사무실 (BELSPO)에서 "옥수수와 애기 장대 뿌리와 성장을 쏴" .

Materials

Pots Any Any We use pots with the following measueres, but can be different depending on the treatment/study : bottom diameter: 11cm, opening diameter: 15 cm, height: 12 cm. We grow one maize plant per pot.
Planting substrate Any Any We use potting medium (Jiffy, The Netherlands), but other substrates can be used, depending on treatment/study.
Ruler Any Any An extension ruler that covers at least 1,5 meters is needed to measure the final leaf length of the plants.
Seeds  Any NA Seeds can be ordered from a breeder.
Scalpel Any Any The scalpel is used during leaf harvesting to detach the leaf of interest from its surrounding leaves and right after harvesting to cut a proper sample for cell length and meristem length measurements. 
15 ml falcon tubes Any Any The 15 ml falcon tubes are used for storing samples used for cell length measurements during sample clearing with absolute ethanol and lactic acid.
Eppendorf tubes Any Any The eppendorf tubes are used for storing samples used for meristem length measurements in ethanol:acetic acid 3:1 (v:v) solution.
Gloves Any Any Latex gloves, which protect against corrosive reagents.
Acetic acid Any Any CAUTION: Corrosive to metals, category 1 Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C Serious eye damage, category 1; Flammable liquids, categories 1,2,3
Absolute ethanol Any Any CAUTION: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of ingestion
Lactic acid >98% Any Any CAUTION: Corrosive to metals, category 1 Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C Serious eye damage, category 1
Sodium chloride (NaCl) Any Any
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Any Any CAUTION: Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 4 Skin irritation, category 2 Eye irritation, category 2 Skin sensitisation, category 1 Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure, category 3
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) Any Any This material can be an irritant, contact with eyes and skin should be avoided. Inhalation of dust may be irritating to the respiratory tract.
4′,6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) Any Any Cell permeable fluorescent minor groove-binding probe for DNA. Causes skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. May cause respiratory irritation.
Ice Any NA The DAPI solution has to be kept on ice.
Fluorescent microscope AxioScope A1, Axiocam ICm1 from Zeiss or other Any fluorescent microscope can be used for determining meristem length.
Microscopic slide Any Any
Cover glass Any Any
Tweezers Any Any Tweezers are needed for unfolding the rolled maize leaf right after harvesting in order to cut a proper sample for cell length and meristem length measurements. 
Image-analysis software Axiovision (Release 4.8) from Zeiss NA The software can be downloaded at: http://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/en_de/downloads/axiovision.html. Other softwares such as ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) could be used as well.
Microscope equipped with DIC AxioScope A1, Axiocam ICm1 from Zeiss or other Any  microscope, equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) can be used to measure cell lengths.
R statistical analysis software R Foundation for Statistical Computing NA Open source; Could be downloaded at https://www.r-project.org/
R script NA NA We use the kernel smoothing function locpoly of the Kern Smooth package (Wand MP, Jones MC.  Kernel Smoothing: Chapman & Hall/CRC (1995)). The script is available for Mac and Windows upon inquire with the corresponding author. We have versions for Mac and Windows.
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Keywords: Cell DivisionCell ExpansionLeaf GrowthKinematic AnalysisDevelopmental ZonesZea MaysMonocotsGrowth RegulationSamplingVisual Demonstration
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Sprangers, K., Avramova, V., Beemster, G. T. S. Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves. J. Vis. Exp. (118), e54887, doi:10.3791/54887 (2016).
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