Chapter 17
Thermodynamics
![Spontaneity](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11422.jpg)
A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless…
![Entropy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11423.jpg)
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has…
![Third Law of Thermodynamics](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11425.jpg)
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single…
![Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11426.jpg)
Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in…
![Effects of Temperature on Free Energy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11428.jpg)
The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction…
![Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/11429.jpg)
The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy…
![Thermodynamics of Membrane Protein Folding Measured by Fluorescence Spectroscopy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/2669_t.png)
Membrane protein folding is an emerging topic with both fundamental and health-related significance. The abundance of membrane proteins in cells…
![Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/53168_t.png)
Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Enzyme catalysis evolved in an aqueous environment. The influence of solvent dynamics on catalysis is, however, currently poorly understood and…