小鼠脑皮层星形胶质细胞的分离和培养
Summary
星形胶质细胞被确认为是正常的大脑发育和功能，以及中枢神经系统的修复是必不可少的基本生物过程的多功能细胞参与。在这里，我们提出了一个快速的过程，以获得纯净的小鼠星形胶质细胞培养研究本类主要的中枢神经系统的细胞生物学。
Abstract
星形胶质细胞是哺乳动物大脑中的细胞类型丰富，但仍有许多工作有待了解它们的分子和功能特性。星形胶质细胞在体外培养系统可以用来详细研究这些神经胶质细胞的生物学功能。此视频协议显示了如何获得纯鼠标幼崽的混合皮层细胞的分离和培养的星形胶质细胞。该方法是基于上没有存活的神经元，星形胶质细胞，少突胶质细胞，小胶质细胞，三个主要的神经胶质细胞种群的中枢神经系统的，在培养和分离。在第一天的文化代表图像显示的混合细胞群的存在，并表示时间点，当星形胶质细胞的汇合和小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞应分开。此外，我们表现出纯度和完善培养的星形胶质细胞，用免疫细胞化学染色星形胶质细胞形态和新近被描述的星形胶质细胞的标记。这种文化系统可以很容易地获得纯星形胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞条件培养液对星形胶质细胞生物学研究的各个方面。
Introduction
星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的一个非常丰富的细胞类型。在小鼠和大鼠皮质星形胶质细胞对神经元的比例是1:3，而每个神经元有1.4星形胶质细胞在人脑皮层1。在最近几年急剧增加星形胶质细胞功能的兴趣。一个关键功能的星形胶质细胞是神经元2,3结构和代谢支持的作用。新发现的星形胶质细胞的作用涵盖了广泛的功能。这些措施包括4-6在开发过程中，引导轴突和若干神经母细胞的迁移功能的突触传递，突触强度和信息处理的神经回路7-9，形成血脑屏障（BBB）的角色，在10和完整性11-13调节脑血管音14。的另一大特点是他们的星形胶质细胞对损伤的反应。在病理条件astrocyt的上课成为反应性和进一步上调表达的中间丝胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和抑制细胞外基质（ECM）蛋白15,16。划定的健康组织的损伤部位形成胶质瘢痕，主要由星形胶质细胞分泌的细胞外基质蛋白，硫酸软骨素蛋白多糖（CSPG）家庭星形胶质细胞反应性增生，抑制轴突再生的主要因素，中枢神经系统损伤后15日至17日 。
星形胶质细胞在胚胎发育晚期和产后早期生命起源于放射状胶质细胞（RG）。规范已发生后，星形胶质细胞，星形胶质细胞的前体迁移到它们的最终位置，在那里他们开始终末分化过程中， 在体内 ，星形胶质细胞似乎是成熟的出生后三至四个星期，如所指示的典型形态18,19。 RG细胞亚群转化为脑室下区星形胶质细胞（B型细胞）。乙超视距，RG型和B细胞的功能在开发过程中的成人星形胶质细胞的神经干细胞（NSCs）。喜欢的星形胶质细胞，RG和B型细胞也表达星形胶质细胞特异性的谷氨酸转运体（GLAST），脑脂质结合的蛋白（BLBP）的，和GFAP，表明这些标记可以不专门用于专门标记成人星形胶质细胞。相反成人的实质星形胶质细胞，没有分裂的健康的大脑，RG和B型细胞表现出干细胞的潜力，如自我更新的能力。星形胶质细胞失调有牵连的许多病症，包括老年痴呆症的20,21，亨廷顿氏病22，帕金森氏病23，Rett综合征24日和亚历山大的疾病25。此外，星形胶质细胞反应所有侮辱的中枢神经系统，导致星形胶质细胞活化和星形胶质细胞胶质瘢痕的形成16,26。星形胶质细胞胶质瘢痕形成以下大脑TRAUMA或脊髓损伤被认为是主要的屏障，防止神经细胞再生的15。
可靠的方法来隔离和保持纯化的细胞群的发展一直是我们了解神经系统的关键。创业的工作由麦卡锡和Vellis使调查人员，准备近纯培养的星形胶质细胞从新生大鼠组织27。关于使用这种方法，在这里稍加修改，以隔离小鼠脑皮层星形胶质细胞星形胶质细胞生物学已学到很多东西。补充体内研究中 ，星形胶质细胞以及空调介质使用所描述的体外培养，是宝贵的工具，以进一步深入了解星形胶质细胞的功能。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
这里介绍的方法是基于从啮齿动物新生儿的大脑，于1980年27麦卡锡和德Vellis的原先所描述的星形胶质细胞培养制备。从出生P1到P4小鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞的分离和培养的方法，这里介绍的是速度快，产量纯星形胶质细胞是高度可重复性。这种技术可以很容易地转移到隔离来自其他物种的星形胶质细胞，如从大鼠或猪和由大脑的其他区域，如脊髓。而由麦卡锡和deVellis的方法，从新生儿?…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
SS，联邦教育与研究部（BMBF 01 EO 0803），KB和欧盟委员会FP7格兰特PIRG08-GA-2010-276989，NEUREX，德国研究基金会资助SCHA 1442 /的Fazit基金会研究生奖学金的支持下3-1 CS有没有冲突的财务权益。
Materials
| Name of working solution | Company | Catalogue number | Final concentration |
| Astrocyte culture media | |||
| DMEM, high glucose | Life Technologies | 31966-021 | |
| FBS, heat-inactivated | Life Technologies | 10082-147 | Final Concentration: 10% |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin | Life Technologies | 15140-122 | Final Concentration: 1% |
| Solution for brain tissue digestion | |||
| HBSS | Life Technologies | 14170-088 | |
| 2.5% Trypsin | Life Technologies | 15090-046 | Final Concentration: 0.25% |
| Other | |||
| 70% (vol/vol) ethanol | Roth | 9065.2 | |
| Poly-D-Lysine | Millipore | A-003-E | 50 μg/ml |
| Water | PAA | S15-012 | cell culture grade |
| PBS | PAA | H15-002 | cell culture grade |
| 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA | Life Technologies | 25300-062 | |
| 0.45 μm Sterile filter | Sartorius | 16555 | |
| 3.5 cm petri dish | BD Falcon | 353001 | |
| 15 ml Falcon tube | BD Falcon | 352096 | |
| 50 ml Falcon tube | BD Falcon | 352070 | |
| 75 cm2 Tissue culture flask | BD Falcon | 353136 | |
| Forceps, fine | Dumont | 2-1032; 2-1033 | # 3c; # 5 |
| Forceps, flat tip | KLS Martin | 12-120-11 | |
| 13 cm surgical scissors | Aesculap | BC-140-R | |
| Stereomicroscope | Leica | MZ7.5 | |
| Stereomicroscope + Camera | Leica | MZ16F; DFC320 | |
| Microscope + Camera | Zeiss; Canon | Primo Vert; PowerShot A650 IS | |
| Centrifuge | Eppendorf | 5805000.017 | Centrifuge5804R |
| Orbital Shaker | Thermo Scientific | SHKE 4450-1CE | MaxQ 4450 |
| Water bath | Julabo | SW20; 37 °C |
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