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Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Résultats
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Acknowledgements
Materials
References
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Biologie

細胞分裂と拡張の動解析：成長とサンプリング発達ゾーンの細胞基礎での定量化<em>トウモロコシ</em>葉

Published: December 02, 2016
doi:
10.3791/54887
, ,
1Department of Biology,University of Antwerp

Summary

Quantifying cell division and expansion is of crucial importance to the understanding of whole-plant growth. Here, we present a protocol to calculate cellular parameters determining maize leaf growth rates and highlight the use of these data for investigating molecular growth regulatory mechanisms by directing developmental stage-specific sampling strategies.

Abstract

Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.

Introduction

成長の分析は、一般的に環境要因への遺伝子型決定の成長の違いおよび/または表現型の応答を記述するために、植物の科学者によって使用されている一連のツールに依存します。彼らは、サイズと重量植物全体または器官の測定と成長の基礎となるメカニズムを探求する成長率の計算を含みます。臓器成長は細胞分裂および細胞レベルで膨張することによって決定されます。そのため、成長中のこれらの2つの方法の定量化を含めて、全体の臓器の成長1の違いを理解する鍵と分析しています。これにより、非専門の研究所によって使用することが比較的容易である細胞の成長パラメータを決定するための適切な方法を有することが重要です。

キネマティック解析はすでに臓器成長モデル2の開発のための強力なフレームワークを提供するアプローチとして確立されています。技術は線形システム用に最適化されました、このようなシロイヌナズナの根と単子葉植物の葉などが、また、このような双子葉葉3のような非線形システムのため。今日では、この方法はますますどの遺伝子、ホルモン、発達研究するために使用され、環境要因が、様々な器官（ 表1）に細胞分裂および増殖に影響を与えます。制限は、植物材料のより高い量を必要とする技術（ 例えば、代謝産物のための器官の大きさ及び空間的構成によって課すことができるが、また、それはまた、その基礎となる生化学分子、および生理学的規則（ 表2）に細胞プロセスをリンクするためのフレームワークを提供します測定、プロテオミクス、 など ）。

例えば、トウモロコシ（ トウモロコシ ）の葉、単子葉葉は、順次成熟に到達するために分裂組織と伸びゾーンを通過し、細胞が先端に向かって葉の基部から移動する線形システムを表しますゾーン。これは、成長4の空間パターンの定量的研究のための理想的なモデルシステムになります。また、トウモロコシの葉は、大きな成長ゾーン（数センチメートル5に及ぶ分裂組織と伸びゾーン）を持っているし、他の組織レベルでの研究の可能性を提供します。これは、分子技術、生理学的測定、および細胞生物学のアプローチ（ 表2）の範囲で運動学的分析により定量化し、細胞分裂と拡張を制御する（推定）調節機構の調査を可能にします。

ここでは、単子葉植物の葉に運動学的解析を行うためのプロトコルを提供します。まず、葉軸に沿った位置とどのように運動学的パラメータを計算するの関数として細胞分裂と細胞伸長の両方の適切な分析を行う方法について説明します。第二に、我々はまた、このサンプリングの設計のための基礎として使用することができる方法を示します。高解像度のサンプリングAN：ここでは、2例を議論しますdはそれぞれ、改善されたデータの解釈と時間/お金の節約を可能にする、サンプリングを集中しました。

動の表1.概要は、細胞分裂と様々な臓器の拡大を定量化するための方法を分析します。

器官 参照
単子葉植物の葉 16、20、21、22
根の先端 2、23、24、25、26、27、28、29
双子葉植物の葉 21、30、31
頂端分裂組織を撃ちます 32

動の表1.概要は、細胞分裂と様々な臓器の拡大を定量化するための方法を分析します。

<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-ページ= "1"> 図3

分子レベルでそれらの調節に運動学的分析によって定量化細胞プロセスの間に、表2のリンク。様々な種及び臓器における生化学的および分子アッセイからの結果に細胞プロセスの定量化を結ぶ様々な研究への参照。キシログルカンendotransglucosylase（XET）、マロンジアルデヒド（MDA）、サイクリン依存性キナーゼ（CDK）。 この表の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。

Protocol

注：運動学的分析のための以下のプロトコールは、定常状態の成長中の葉にのみ有効です。これは、数日間6の期間中に安定した葉の伸び率とセル長と葉の拡大の空間パターンを意味します。 1.植物の成長と葉の伸び率の測定（LER） 定常状態の成長の葉や関心の発達段階を選択してください。 注：同一の軸上に連続した葉に類似の空間パター?…

Representative Results

ここで、我々は彼らの葉の成長の面ではよく水やり植物（対照、54％土壌水分量、（SWC））と乾燥ストレス条件に付し植物（干ばつ、34％SWC）間の比較を示します。すべての植物は、制御された条件（16時間の日/ 8時間の夜、25℃/ 18℃の昼/夜、300-400μEm-2秒-1光合成有効放射（PAR）の下で成長チャンバー中で増殖させた。干ばつ正しいSWCに達した後、さ?…

Discussion

トウモロコシの葉の完全な運動学的分析は葉の成長の細胞基盤の決意を可能にし、効率的なサンプリング戦略を設計することができます。プロトコルは比較的簡単ですが、いくつかの注意が次の重要なステップで推奨されている：分裂組織の長さの決意（ステップ3）が完了を必要とするため、（1）分裂組織に損傷を与えることなく、若い、同封の葉（ステップ2.3）を取り外すことが重要で?…

Divulgations

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

この作品は、VAへのアントワープ大学から博士課程の交わりによってサポートされていました。 KSへフランダース科学財団（FWO、11ZI916N）から博士課程の交わり。 FWO（G0D0514N）からプロジェクト助成金。協調研究活動（GOA）研究助成金、アントワープ大学の研究会から「葉の形態形成のシステムバイオロジーのアプローチ」。そして、大学間アトラクションGTSBハンAsard、Bulelani L. Sizaniと浜田AbdElgawadにベルギー連邦科学政策室（BELSPO）からポーランド（IUAP VII / 29、MARS）、「トウモロコシやシロイヌナズナ根と成長を撃つには、「すべてのビデオに貢献します。

Materials

Pots Any Any We use pots with the following measueres, but can be different depending on the treatment/study : bottom diameter: 11cm, opening diameter: 15 cm, height: 12 cm. We grow one maize plant per pot.
Planting substrate Any Any We use potting medium (Jiffy, The Netherlands), but other substrates can be used, depending on treatment/study.
Ruler Any Any An extension ruler that covers at least 1,5 meters is needed to measure the final leaf length of the plants.
Seeds  Any NA Seeds can be ordered from a breeder.
Scalpel Any Any The scalpel is used during leaf harvesting to detach the leaf of interest from its surrounding leaves and right after harvesting to cut a proper sample for cell length and meristem length measurements. 
15 ml falcon tubes Any Any The 15 ml falcon tubes are used for storing samples used for cell length measurements during sample clearing with absolute ethanol and lactic acid.
Eppendorf tubes Any Any The eppendorf tubes are used for storing samples used for meristem length measurements in ethanol:acetic acid 3:1 (v:v) solution.
Gloves Any Any Latex gloves, which protect against corrosive reagents.
Acetic acid Any Any CAUTION: Corrosive to metals, category 1 Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C Serious eye damage, category 1; Flammable liquids, categories 1,2,3
Absolute ethanol Any Any CAUTION: Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator), of ingestion
Lactic acid >98% Any Any CAUTION: Corrosive to metals, category 1 Skin corrosion, categories 1A,1B,1C Serious eye damage, category 1
Sodium chloride (NaCl) Any Any
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Any Any CAUTION: Acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), category 4 Skin irritation, category 2 Eye irritation, category 2 Skin sensitisation, category 1 Specific Target Organ Toxicity – Single exposure, category 3
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl) Any Any This material can be an irritant, contact with eyes and skin should be avoided. Inhalation of dust may be irritating to the respiratory tract.
4′,6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) Any Any Cell permeable fluorescent minor groove-binding probe for DNA. Causes skin irritation. May cause an allergic skin reaction. May cause respiratory irritation.
Ice Any NA The DAPI solution has to be kept on ice.
Fluorescent microscope AxioScope A1, Axiocam ICm1 from Zeiss or other Any fluorescent microscope can be used for determining meristem length.
Microscopic slide Any Any
Cover glass Any Any
Tweezers Any Any Tweezers are needed for unfolding the rolled maize leaf right after harvesting in order to cut a proper sample for cell length and meristem length measurements. 
Image-analysis software Axiovision (Release 4.8) from Zeiss NA The software can be downloaded at: http://www.zeiss.com/microscopy/en_de/downloads/axiovision.html. Other softwares such as ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/) could be used as well.
Microscope equipped with DIC AxioScope A1, Axiocam ICm1 from Zeiss or other Any  microscope, equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) can be used to measure cell lengths.
R statistical analysis software R Foundation for Statistical Computing NA Open source; Could be downloaded at https://www.r-project.org/
R script NA NA We use the kernel smoothing function locpoly of the Kern Smooth package (Wand MP, Jones MC.  Kernel Smoothing: Chapman & Hall/CRC (1995)). The script is available for Mac and Windows upon inquire with the corresponding author. We have versions for Mac and Windows.
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Keywords: Cell DivisionCell ExpansionLeaf GrowthKinematic AnalysisDevelopmental ZonesZea MaysMonocotsGrowth RegulationSamplingVisual Demonstration
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Sprangers, K., Avramova, V., Beemster, G. T. S. Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves. J. Vis. Exp. (118), e54887, doi:10.3791/54887 (2016).
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