Standardisert modell av ventrikulær fibrillasjon og avansert hjertelivsstøtte i svin
Summary
Hjerte-lungeredning og defibrillering er de eneste effektive terapeutiske alternativene under hjertestans forårsaket av ventrikulær flimmer. Denne modellen presenterer et standardisert regime for å indusere, vurdere og behandle denne fysiologiske tilstanden i en svinemodell, og gir dermed en klinisk tilnærming med ulike muligheter for datainnsamling og analyse.
Abstract
Hjerte-lungeredning etter hjertestans, uavhengig av opprinnelsen, er en regelmessig møtt medisinsk nødsituasjon på sykehus samt prekliniske innstillinger. Potensielle randomiserte studier hos mennesker er vanskelige å designe og etisk tvetydige, noe som resulterer i mangel på evidensbaserte terapier. Modellen som presenteres i denne rapporten representerer en av de vanligste årsakene til hjertestans, ventrikulær flimmer, i en standardisert setting i en stor dyremodell. Dette gjør det mulig for reproduserbare observasjoner og ulike terapeutiske intervensjoner under klinisk nøyaktige forhold, og dermed legge til rette for generering av bedre bevis og til slutt potensialet for forbedret medisinsk behandling.
Introduction
Hjertestans og hjerte- og kardiopulmonal gjenopplivning (HLR) oppstår regelmessig medisinske nødstilfeller i sykehusavdelinger samt prekliniske akuttleverandørscenarier1,2. Mens det har vært omfattende innsats for å karakterisere den optimale behandlingen for denne situasjonen3,4,5,6, internasjonale retningslinjer og ekspert anbefalinger (f.eks ERC og ILCOR) vanligvis stole på lavgradig bevis på grunn av mangel på potensielle randomiserte studier3,4,5,7,8,9. Dette skyldes blant annet åpenbare etiske reservasjoner angående randomiserte gjenopplivingsprotokoller i menneskelige forsøk10. Dette kan imidlertid også peke mot mangel på streng protokolloverholdelse når de konfronteres med en livstruende og stressende situasjon11,12. Protokollen som presenteres i denne rapporten tar sikte på å gi en standardisert gjenopplivingsmodell i en realistisk klinisk setting, som genererer verdifulle, potensielle data samtidig som de er så gyldige og nøyaktige som mulig uten behov for menneskelige forsøkspersoner. Den overholder vanlige retningslinjer for gjenoppliving, kan enkelt brukes, og gjør det mulig for undersøkelser å undersøke og karakterisere ulike aspekter og intervensjoner i en kritisk, men kontrollert setting. Dette vil føre til 1) en bedre forståelse av de patologiske mekanismene underliggende hjertestans og ventrikulær fibrillasjon og 2) høyere kvalitet bevis for å optimalisere behandlingsalternativer og øke overlevelsesraten.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Noen store tekniske problemer angående anestesi i en svinemodell har tidligere blitt beskrevet av vår gruppe13,14. Disse inkluderer streng unngåelse av stress og unødvendig smerte for dyrene, mulige anatomiske problemer under luftveisstyring, og spesifikke personalkrav19.
I tillegg ble fordelene med ultralydstyrt kateterisering fremhevet tidligere og forblir den foretrukne tilnærmingen for å forhindre vask…
Divulgations
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Forfatterne ønsker å takke Dagmar Dirvonskis for utmerket teknisk støtte.
Materials
| 1 M- Kaliumchlorid-Lösung 7,46% 20ml | Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland GmbH | potassium chloride | |
| Arterenol 1mg/ml 25 ml | Sanofi- Aventis, Seutschland GmbH | norepinephrine | |
| Atracurium Hikma 50mg/5ml | Hikma Pharma GmbH, Martinsried | atracurium | |
| BD Discardit II Spritze 2,5,10,20 ml | Becton Dickinson S.A. Carretera Mequinenza Fraga, Spain | syringe | |
| BD Luer Connecta | Becton Dickinson Infusion Therapy AB Helsingborg, Schweden | 3-way-stopcock | |
| BD Microlance 3 20 G | Becton Dickinson S.A. Carretera Mequinenza Fraga, Spain | canula | |
| CorPatch Easy Electrodes | CorPuls, Kaufering, Germany | defibrillator electrodes | |
| Corpuls 3 | Corpuls, Kaufering, Germany | defibrillator | |
| Datex Ohmeda S5 | GE Healthcare Finland Oy, Helsinki, Finland | hemodynamic monitor | |
| Engström Carestation | GE Heathcare, Madison USA | ventilator | |
| Fentanyl-Janssen 0,05mg/ml | Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Neuss | fentanyl | |
| Führungsstab, Durchmesser 4.3 | Rüsch | endotracheal tube introducer | |
| Incetomat-line 150 cm | Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland GmbH | perfusorline | |
| Ketamin-Hameln 50mg/ml | Hameln Pharmaceuticals GmbH | ketamine | |
| laryngoscope | Rüsch | laryngoscope | |
| logicath 7 Fr 3-lumen 30cm lang | Smith- Medical Deutschland GmbH | central venous catheter | |
| LUCAS-2 | Physio-Control/Stryker, Redmond, WA, USA | chest compression device | |
| Masimo Radical 7 | Masimo Corporation Irvine, Ca 92618 USA | periphereal oxygen saturation | |
| Neofox Oxygen sensor 300 micron fiber | Ocean optics Largo, FL USA | ultrafast pO2-measurements | |
| Ölsäure reinst Ph. Eur NF C18H34O2 M0282,47g/mol Dichte 0,9 | Applichem GmbH Darmstadt, Deutschland | oleic acid | |
| Original Perfusor syringe 50ml Luer Lock | B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany | perfusorsyringe | |
| Osypka pace, 110 cm | Osypka Medical GmbH, Rheinfelden-Herten, Germany | Pacing/fibrillation catheter | |
| PA-Katheter Swan Ganz 7,5 Fr 110cm | Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine CA, USA | PAC | |
| Percutaneous sheath introducer set 8,5 und 9 Fr, 10 cm with integral haemostasis valve/sideport | Arrow international inc. Reading, PA, USA | introducer sheath | |
| Perfusor FM Braun | B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany | syringe pump | |
| Propofol 2% 20mg/ml (50ml flasks) | Fresenius, Kabi Deutschland GmbH | propofol | |
| Radifocus Introducer II, 5-8 Fr | Terumo Corporation Tokio, Japan | introducer sheath | |
| Rüschelit Super Safety Clear >ID 6/ 6,5 /7,0 mm | Teleflex Medical Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia | endotracheal tube | |
| Seldinger Nadel mit Fixierflügel | Smith- Medical Deutschland GmbH | seldinger canula | |
| Sonosite Micromaxx Ultrasoundsystem | Sonosite Bothell, WA, USA | ultrasound | |
| Stainless Macintosh Größe 4 | Welsch Allyn69604 | blade for laryngoscope | |
| Stresnil 40mg/ml | Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Abteilung Elanco Animal Health | azaperone | |
| Vasofix Safety 22G-16G | B.Braun Melsungen AG, Germany | venous catheter | |
| Voltcraft Model 8202 | Voltcraft, Hirschau, Germany | oscilloscope/function generator |
References
- Grasner, J. T., et al. EuReCa ONE-27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry: A prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe. Resuscitation. 105, 188-195 (2016).
- Raffee, L. A., et al. Incidence, Characteristics, and Survival Trend of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Following In-hospital Compared to Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest in Northern Jordan. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 21 (7), 436-441 (2017).
- Brooks, S. C., et al. Part 6: Alternative Techniques and Ancillary Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2), S436-S443 (2015).
- Callaway, C. W., et al. Part 4: Advanced Life Support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 132 (16 Suppl 1), S84-S145 (2015).
- Sandroni, C., Nolan, J. ERC 2010 guidelines for adult and pediatric resuscitation: summary of major changes. Minerva Anestesiology. 77 (2), 220-226 (2011).
- Tanaka, H., et al. Modifiable Factors Associated With Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study. Annals of Emergency Medicine. , (2017).
- Kleinman, M. E., et al. Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2), S414-S435 (2015).
- Link, M. S., et al. Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 132 (18 Suppl 2), S444-S464 (2015).
- Olasveengen, T. M., et al. 2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary. Circulation. 136 (23), e424-e440 (2017).
- Rubulotta, F., Rubulotta, G. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and ethics. Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. 25 (4), 265-269 (2013).
- McInnes, A. D., et al. The first quantitative report of ventilation rate during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents. Resuscitation. 82 (8), 1025-1029 (2011).
- Maertens, V. L., et al. Patients with cardiac arrest are ventilated two times faster than guidelines recommend: an observational prehospital study using tracheal pressure measurement. Resuscitation. 84 (7), 921-926 (2013).
- Ziebart, A., et al. Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (147), (2019).
- Kamuf, J., et al. Oleic Acid-Injection in Pigs As a Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (140), (2018).
- Weiner, M. M., Geldard, P., Mittnacht, A. J. Ultrasound-guided vascular access: a comprehensive review. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology. 27 (2), 345-360 (2013).
- Mayer, J., Suttner, S. Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform. Current Opinions in Anaesthesiology. 22 (6), 804-808 (2009).
- Hartmann, E. K., et al. Ventilation/perfusion ratios measured by multiple inert gas elimination during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandanivica. 58 (8), 1032-1039 (2014).
- Ruemmler, R., et al. Ultra-low tidal volume ventilation-A novel and effective ventilation strategy during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 132, 56-62 (2018).
- Wani, T. M., et al. Upper airway in infants-a computed tomography-based analysis. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 27 (5), 501-505 (2017).
- Tuna Katircibasi, M., et al. Comparison of Ultrasound Guidance and Conventional Method for Common Femoral Artery Cannulation: A Prospective Study of 939 Patients. Acta Cardiol Sin. 34 (5), 394-398 (2018).
- Hartmann, E. K., et al. Correlation of thermodilution-derived extravascular lung water and ventilation/perfusion-compartments in a porcine model. Intensive Care Medicine. 39 (7), 1313-1317 (2013).
- Hartmann, E. K., et al. An inhaled tumor necrosis factor-alpha-derived TIP peptide improves the pulmonary function in experimental lung injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 57 (3), 334-341 (2013).
- Ziebart, A., et al. Low tidal volume pressure support versus controlled ventilation in early experimental sepsis in pigs. Respiratory Research. 15, 101 (2014).
- Tan, D., et al. Duration of cardiac arrest requires different ventilation volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pig model. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. , (2019).
- Kill, C., et al. Mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, bilevel ventilation, or chest compression synchronized ventilation in a pig model. Critical Care Medicine. 42 (2), e89-e95 (2014).
- Speer, T., et al. Mechanical Ventilation During Resuscitation: How Manual Chest Compressions Affect a Ventilator’s Function. Advances in Therapy. 34 (10), 2333-2344 (2017).
- Kill, C., et al. Chest Compression Synchronized Ventilation versus Intermitted Positive Pressure Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Pig Model. PLoS ONE. 10 (5), e0127759 (2015).
- Newell, C., Grier, S., Soar, J. Airway and ventilation management during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and after successful resuscitation. Critical Care. 22 (1), 190 (2018).
