В пробирке мезотелиальной Анализ просвет, что модели ранних стадиях рака яичников Метастазы
Summary
Мезотелиальной анализ оформления, описанные здесь преимущества флуоресцентно меченых клеток и покадровой видео микроскопии для визуализации и количественного измерения взаимодействия рака яичников многоклеточных сфероидов и мезотелиальной монослоя клеток. Этот тест моделирует ранних стадиях метастазирования рака яичников.
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1).
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process.
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown.
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin –dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.
Protocol
Discussion
"Анализ мезотелиальной просвет", представленные здесь используется замедленная микроскопии для наблюдения за взаимодействием рака яичников многоклеточных сфероидов и мезотелиальной монослоя клетки, в больших пространственных и временных деталей. Ранее несколько групп 8-14</su…
Divulgazioni
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Мы хотели бы поблагодарить Nikon Imaging центр в Гарвардской медицинской школе, в частности, Дженнифер воды, Лара Петрак и Венди лосося, для обучения и использования их микроскопы Timelapse. Мы также хотели бы поблагодарить Роза Ng и Ахим Бессер за полезные обсуждения. Эта работа была поддержана NIH Грант 5695837 (М. Iwanicki) и GM064346 к АБ, за счет гранта от доктора Мирьям и Шелдон Адельсон Г. Medical Research Foundation (для АБ).
Materials
| Reagent | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| OVCA433 Ovarian Cancer Cells | Gift from Dr. Dennis Slamon | ||
| ZT Mesothelial Cells | Gift from Dr. Tan Ince | ||
| Medium 199 | Gibco | 19950 | |
| MCDB105 | Cell Applications Inc. | 117-500 | |
| FBS-heat inactivated | Gibco | 10082 | |
| Pen-Strep | Gibco | 15070 | |
| 96 well plates | Corning Costar | 3799 | |
| Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (poly-HEMA) | Sigma Aldrich | 192066-25G | For poly-HEMA solution dissolve 6mg poly-HEMA powder in 1ml of 95% EtOH |
| EtOH | Pharmco-aaper | 111ACS200 | Dilute to 95% in dH20 |
| Cell culture hood | Nuaire | NU-425-300 | |
| Tissue culture incubator | Thermo Scientific | 3110 | |
| incubator for poly-HEMA plates | Labline Instruments | Imperial III 305 | |
| Tabletop centrifuge | Heraeus | 75003429/01 | |
| 6 well glass-bottom dish | MatTek corp. | P06G-1.5-20-F | |
| Fibronectin | Sigma | F1141-1MG | |
| PBS | Cellgro | 21-040-CV | |
| Timelapse Microscope: | |||
| Microscope | Nikon | Ti-E Inverted Motorized Fluorescence time-lapse microscope with integrated Perfect Focus System | |
| Lens | Nikon | 20X-0.75 numerical apeture | |
| Halogen transilluminator | Nikon | 0.52 NA long working distance condenser | |
| Excitation and emission filters | Chroma single pass filters in Nikon housing | GFP Ex 480/40, Em 525/50 RFP-mCherry Ex 575/50 Em 640/50 | |
| Transmitted and Epifluoresce light path | Sutter | Smart Shutters | |
| Linear-encoded motorized stage | Nikon | ||
| Cooled charged-coupled device camera | Hamamatsu | ORCA-AG | |
| Microscope incubation chamber with temperature and CO2 control | custom-built | ||
| Vibration isolation table | TMC | ||
| NIS-Elements software | Nikon | Version 3 |
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