Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

Published: April 30, 2018

doi:

Naoto Kakuta, Keisuke Nishijima, Van Cuong Han, Yuki Arakawa, Katsuya Kondo, Yukio Yamada

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering,Tokyo Metropolitan University, ²Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Tottori University, ³Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center,The University of Electro-Communications

Summary

A technique utilizing wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm to measure the temperature of water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented.

Abstract

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This technique utilizes wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm, at which the absorption coefficient of water is dependent on temperature. Water or a non-turbid aqueous gel containing a 2.0-mm- or 0.5-mm-diameter magnetic sphere is irradiated with 1150 nm or 1412 nm incident light, as selected using a narrow bandpass filter; additionally, two-dimensional absorbance images, which are the transverse projections of the absorption coefficient, are acquired via a near-infrared camera. When the three-dimensional distributions of temperature can be assumed to be spherically symmetric, they are estimated by applying inverse Abel transforms to the absorbance profiles. The temperatures were observed to consistently change according to time and the induction heating power.

Introduction

A technique to measure temperature near a small heat source within a medium is required in many scientific research fields and applications. For example, in the research on magnetic hyperthermia, which is a cancer therapy method using electromagnetic induction of magnetic particles, or small magnetic pieces, it is critical to accurately predict the temperature distributions generated by the magnetic particles¹^,². However, although microwave³^,⁴, ultrasound⁵^,⁶^,⁷^,⁸, optoacoustic⁹, Raman¹⁰, and magnetic resonance¹¹^,¹²-based temperature measurement techniques have been researched and developed, such an inner temperature distribution cannot be accurately measured at present. Thus far, single-position temperatures or temperatures at a few positions have been measured via temperature sensors, which, in the case of induction heating, are non-magnetic optical fiber temperature sensors¹³^,¹⁴. Alternatively, the surface temperatures of media have been remotely measured via infrared radiation thermometers to estimate the inner temperatures¹⁴. However, when a medium containing a small heat source is a water layer or a non-turbid aqueous medium, we have demonstrated that a near-infrared (NIR) absorption technique is useful to measure the temperatures¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,¹⁹. This paper presents the detailed protocol of this technique and representative results.

The NIR absorption technique is based on the principle of temperature dependence of the absorption bands of water in the NIR region. As is shown in Figure 1a, the ν₁ + ν₂+ ν₃ absorption band of water is observed in the 1100-nm to 1250-nm wavelength (λ) range and shifts to shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases¹⁹. Here, ν₁ + ν₂+ ν₃ means that this band corresponds to the combination of the three fundamental O-H vibration modes: symmetric stretching (ν₁), bending (ν₂), and antisymmetric stretching (ν₃)²⁰^,²¹. This change in the spectrum indicates that the most temperature-sensitive wavelength in the band is λ ≈ 1150 nm. Other absorption bands of water also exhibit similar behavior with respect to the temperature¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,²⁰^,²¹. The ν₁ + ν₃ band of water observed within the range λ = 1350−1500 nm and its temperature dependence are shown in Figure 1b. In the ν₁ + ν₃ band of water, 1412 nm is the most temperature-sensitive wavelength. Thus, it is possible to obtain two-dimensional (2D) temperature images by using an NIR camera to capture 2D absorbance images at λ = 1150 or 1412 nm. As the absorption coefficient of water at λ = 1150 nm is smaller than that at λ = 1412 nm, the former wavelength is suitable for approximately 10-mm-thick aqueous media, while the latter is suitable for approximately 1-mm-thick ones. Recently, using λ = 1150 nm, we obtained the temperature distributions in a 10-mm-thick water layer containing an induction-heated 1-mm-diameter steel sphere¹⁹. Moreover, the temperature distributions in a 0.5-mm-thick water layer have been measured by using λ = 1412 nm¹⁵^,¹⁷.

An advantage to the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is that it is simple to setup and implement because it is a transmission-absorption measurement technique and needs no fluorophore, phosphor, or other thermal probe. In addition, its temperature resolution is less than 0.2 K¹⁵^,¹⁷^,¹⁹. Such a good temperature resolution cannot be achieved by other transmission techniques based on interferometry, which have often been used in heat and mass transfer studies²²^,²³^,²⁴. We note, however, that the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is not suitable in cases with considerable local temperature change, because the deflection of light caused by the large temperature gradient becomes dominant¹⁹. This matter is referred in this paper in terms of practical use.

This paper describes the experimental setup and procedure for the NIR-based temperature imaging technique for a small magnetic sphere heated via induction; additionally, it presents the results of two representative 2D absorbance images. One image is of a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 10.0-mm-thick water layer that is captured at λ = 1150 nm. The second image is of a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 2.0-mm-thick maltose syrup layer that is captured at λ = 1412 nm. This paper also presents the calculation method and results of the three-dimensional (3D) radial distribution of temperature by applying the inverse Abel transform (IAT) to the 2D absorbance images. The IAT is valid when a 3D temperature distribution is assumed to be spherically symmetric as in the case of a heated sphere (Figure 2)¹⁹. For the IAT calculation, a multi-Gaussian function fitting method is employed here, because the IATs of Gaussian functions can be obtained analytically²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸^,²⁹ and fit well to monotonically decreasing data; this includes experiments employing thermal conduction from a single heat source.

Protocol

1. Experimental Setup and Procedures Prepare an optical rail to mount a sample and optics for NIR imaging as follows. Sample preparation. Note: When using water or aqueous liquid, do Step 1.1.1. When using an aqueous gel with high viscosity, do Step 1.1.2. Steel sphere setting in water. Fix a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere to the end of a thin plastic string using a small amount of glue. Hang the steel sphere at the center…

Representative Results

Images of ΔAi(x, z) at λ = 1150 nm for a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in water and at λ = 1412 nm for a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup are presented in Figure 5a and Figure 6a, respectively. In both cases, the sphere was located 12 mm below the bottom of the coil along its central axis. Figu…

Discussion

The technique presented in this paper is a novel one using the temperature dependence of NIR absorption of water and presents no significant difficulty in setting up the necessary equipment and implementation. The incident light can be easily produced by using a halogen lamp and an NBPF. However, lasers cannot be used, because coherent interference patterns would appear on the images. Common optical lenses and glass cells for visible-light use can be used, as they transmit an adequate amount of light at λ =…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Kenta Yamada, Mr. Ryota Fujioka, and Mr. Mizuki Kyoda for their support on the experiments and data analyses. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25630069, the Suzuki Foundation, and the Precise Measurement Technology Promotion Foundation, Japan.

Materials

Induction heating system	CEIA, Italy	SPW900/56	780 kHz, 5.6 kW (max).
Coil	SA-Japan	custom	Water-cooled copper tube; two-turn; outer dia. 28 mm.
Water chiller	Matsumoto Kikai, Japan	MP-401CT
Halogen lamp	Hayashi Watch-Works, Japan	LA-150UE-A
Narrow bandpass filter for λ = 1150 nm	Andover	115FS10-25	Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.
Narrow bandpass filter for λ = 1412 nm	Andover	semi-custom	Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.
Bandpass filter for λ = 850−1300 nm	Spectrogon	SP-1300
Bandpass filter for λ = 1100−2000 nm	Spectrogon	SP-2000
NIR camera	FLIR Systems	Alpha NIR	InGaAs
Image acquisition software	FLIR Systems	IRvista
Image processing software	NIH	ImageJ	ver. 1.51r
Image processing software	MathWorks	Matlab	ver. 2016a
Telecentric lens	Edmond Optics	55350-L	X1
Steel sphere (0.5 mm dia.)	Kobe Steel, Japan		Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)
Steel sphere (2.0 mm dia.)	Kobe Steel, Japan		Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)
Maltose syrup as aqueous gel	Sonton, Japan	Mizuame	Food product

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Citazione di questo articolo

Kakuta, N., Nishijima, K., Han, V. C., Arakawa, Y., Kondo, K., Yamada, Y. Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere. J. Vis. Exp. (134), e57407, doi:10.3791/57407 (2018).