Summary

在膜上重构隔膜组件以研究生物物理性质和功能

Published: July 28, 2022
doi:

Summary

无细胞重建一直是了解细胞骨架组装的关键工具,并且在过去十年中的工作已经建立了研究最小系统中隔膜蛋白动力学的方法。这里介绍的是三种在不同膜环境中观察隔膜组装的互补方法:平面双层,球形支撑和棒状支撑。

Abstract

大多数细胞可以感知并改变它们的形状,以执行基本的细胞过程。在许多真核生物中,隔膜细胞骨架是协调形状变化(如细胞分裂,极化生长和迁移)的组成部分。Septins是形成细丝的蛋白质,它们组装形成各种高阶结构,并且在许多情况下,存在于质膜的不同区域,最显着的是微米级正曲率区域。监测 体内 隔膜组装过程受到细胞中光学显微镜的局限性以及与膜和细胞骨架元件相互作用的复杂性的阻碍,使得难以量化生命系统中的隔膜蛋白动力学。幸运的是,在过去十年中,在无细胞系统中重建隔膜蛋白细胞骨架以剖析以高空间和时间分辨率控制隔膜蛋白组装的机制方面取得了实质性进展。隔膜蛋白组装的核心步骤包括隔膜杂高分子缔合和解离,聚合成细丝,以及通过细丝之间的相互作用形成高阶结构。在这里,我们提出了三种在不同情况下观察隔膜组装的方法:平面双层,球形支撑和杆支撑。这些方法可用于确定隔膜在不同组装阶段的生物物理参数:作为结合膜的单个八聚体,作为细丝,以及作为细丝的组装。我们将这些参数与曲率采样和优先吸附的测量值相结合,以了解曲率传感如何在各种长度和时间尺度上工作。

Introduction

细胞的形状及其许多内部隔室取决于它们周围的脂质膜。膜是粘弹性结构,可以通过与蛋白质的相互作用,脂质分选以及作用的内部和外部力来产生各种形状而变形1234。这些形状通常用膜曲率来描述。细胞使用一套多样化的蛋白质,能够优先组装或“感知”特定的膜曲率,以确保对包括细胞运输,细胞分裂和迁移在内的过程进行定义的时空控制56。由于难以平衡时间和空间分辨率与细胞健康,因此很难观察到膜上细胞机制的动力学。虽然超分辨率技术可以提供这些结构的详细视图,但它们需要长时间的采集,而这些采集不适合大多数机械的装配/拆卸时间尺度。此外,这些组件在其天然环境中的分子复杂性以及单个组分可以发挥的众多作用使得最小重构系统成为研究分子功能能力的宝贵工具。

已经开发了最小膜模拟物来研究细胞外的膜特性和蛋白质 – 膜相互作用。膜模拟物从独立的脂质双分子层(例如脂质体或巨型单层囊泡)到支撑脂质双分子层(SLBs)78910不等。SLB是锚定在下层支撑物上的仿生膜,通常由玻璃,云母或二氧化硅1112组成。可以使用各种几何形状,包括平面,球体,棒,甚至起伏或微图案底物,以同时探测凹曲率和凸曲率上的蛋白质 – 膜相互作用1 31415161718.双层形成始于囊泡吸附到亲水表面上,然后熔合和破裂以形成连续的双层(图119。支撑的双层特别适合光学和电子显微镜检查,提供比细胞中通常可以实现的更好的时间和空间分辨率。弯曲的SLB特别提供了一种有吸引力的方法,可以在没有显着的膜变形的情况下探测蛋白质曲率灵敏度,使人们能够区分曲率传感和曲率感应,这在独立系统中通常是不可能分离的。

Septins是一类形成细丝的细胞骨架蛋白,以其在正弯曲膜上组装的能力而闻名61820。在酵母细胞周期的过程中,隔膜蛋白组装成一个环,并且必须重新排列以形成与芽出现和细胞分裂相关的沙漏和双环结构,分别为21。虽然已经使用铂复制电子显微镜在不同的细胞周期阶段22观察隔膜蛋白结构,但使用酵母中的光学显微镜观察隔膜蛋白随时间的组装已经遇到了有限的空间分辨率。以前使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)可视化的脂质单层的隔膜蛋白的工作能够重建几个有趣的隔膜结构,如环,束和纱布23。然而,与荧光显微镜不同,EM技术在时间分辨率方面同样受到限制。为了更好地解决隔膜组装的多尺度过程的动力学参数,我们转向了支持的膜模拟物,在那里人们可以仔细控制膜的几何形状,样品条件和成像模态。

这里描述的方案使用平面或弯曲的SLB,纯化的蛋白质和显微镜技术的组合。定量荧光共聚焦显微镜和全内反射荧光显微镜(TIRFM)用于测量本体蛋白质与各种膜曲率的结合,以及测量单分子的结合动力学。此外,该方案已被调整为与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)一起使用,以检查不同膜曲率上的蛋白质超微结构。虽然这些方案的重点是隔膜细胞骨架,但可以很容易地修改实验方案,以研究读者感兴趣的任何蛋白质的曲率敏感性。此外,那些在内吞作用或水泡运输等领域工作的人可能会发现这些技术可用于探测多蛋白复合物的曲率依赖性组装体。

Protocol

注意:形成支撑的脂质双分子层需要制备单分散的小单层囊泡(SUV)。请参阅之前发布的关于SUV形成的协议24 。简而言之,所有SUV都是通过探针超声处理形成的,总共70%的幅度为12分钟,通过4分钟的超声处理周期,然后在冰水中休息2分钟。SUV解决方案必须明确,尺寸必须单分散。SUV的尺寸分布可以例如通过动态光散射25来测量。 1. 平?…

Representative Results

在制备每个SLB之后,可以将分隔蛋白或目标蛋白质与所需的支持物一起孵育,并通过TIRFM,共聚焦显微镜或SEM成像。这里显示的结果使用从 大肠杆菌17重组表达和纯化的隔膜蛋白。在平面SLB上使用TIRFM,可以确定灯丝的长度及其柔韧性,测量扩散系数并观察28,29随时间变化的装配。为了收集最高质量的测量结果,首先需要确定双…

Discussion

细胞膜具有许多不同的形状、曲率和物理化学性质。为了研究细胞构建微米级组件的纳米级机械,有必要设计膜模拟物的最小重构系统。该协议提供了精确控制膜曲率和成分的技术,同时允许用户使用广泛使用的显微镜技术轻松进行定量荧光测量。

该协议的最关键组成部分是在适当的表面上组装孔并处理脂质。这里描述的孔是使用PCR管和UV活化粘合剂手工制作的;重要的是,?…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)拨款号的支持。R01 GM-130934和美国国家科学基金会(NSF)授予MCB-2016022。B.N.C.、E.J.D.V.和K.S.C.部分得到了国家普通医学科学研究所在T32 GM119999奖项下的资助。

Materials

0.2 mL PCR Tubes with flat cap, Natural Watson 137-211C(EX)
0.5 mL low adhesion tubes USA Scientific 1405-2600
Beta mercaptoethanol (BME) Sigma-Aldrich M6250-100ML
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Sigma-Aldrich A4612-25G
Coverglass for making PEGylated coverslips Thermo Scientific 152450 Richard-Allan Scientific SLIP-RITE Cover Glass 24×50 #1.5
DOPC Avanti Polar Lipids 850375
Egg Liss Rhodamine PE Avanti Polar Lipids 810146
EMS Glutaraldehyde Aqueous 25%, EM Grade VWR 16220
EMS Sodium Cacodylate Buffer VWR 11652
Ethanol, 200 proof Fisher Scientific 04-355-223EA
HEPES Sigma Aldrich H3375-1KG
Hexamethyldisilazane Sigma-Aldrich 440191
Magnesium chloride VWR 7791-18-6
Methyl cellulose 4000cp Sigma-Aldrich M052-100G
Microglass coverslips for planar bilayers Matsunami Discontinued 22×22
Mini centrifuge
Non-Functionalized Silica Microspheres Bangs Laboratories, Inc. Depends on size: SS0200*-SS0500* Silica in aqueous suspension
Optical Adhesive Norland Thorlabs NOA 68 Flexible adhesive for glass or plastics
Osmium tetroxide Millipore Sigma 20816-12-0
Parafilm VWR 52858-000
Plasma Cleaner Plasma Etch PE-25 Voltage: 120V, 60Hz. Current: 15 AMPS
Potassium chloride VWR 0395-1kg
Round coverglass, #1.5 12mm   VWR 64-0712
Sonicator bath Branson 1510R-MT Bransonic Ultrasonic cleaner. 50-60 Hz. Output: 70W
Soy PI Avanti Polar Lipids 840044
Tabletop centrifuge Eppendorf 22331
UV Lamp Spectroline ENF-260C 115 Volts, 60 Hz, 0.20 AMPS
WhatmanGlass Microfiber Filter Paper VWR 28455-030 42.5 mm diameter, Grade GF/C

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Citazione di questo articolo
Curtis, B. N., Vogt, E. J. D., Cannon, K. S., Gladfelter, A. S. Reconstitution of Septin Assembly at Membranes to Study Biophysical Properties and Functions. J. Vis. Exp. (185), e64090, doi:10.3791/64090 (2022).

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