Brenda Wingfield Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology University of Pretoria Biography Publications Institution JoVE Articles Brenda WingfieldProfessor Professor Brenda Wingfield has made the study of the global movement and evolution of fungal pathogens, particularly those on trees, her main research focus for the past 30 years. She was one of the founding members of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, at the University of Pretoria. She served a 7 year term as Deputy Dean of Research and Postgraduate Studies of the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences at the University of Pretoria. During this time she was also acting dean for a period. Prof Wingfield holds the DST-NRF SARChI research chair in Fungal Genomics. She is vice president of the Academy of Science of South Africa and the Secretary General of the International Society of Plant Pathology.Prof. Wingfield has been responsible for a number of major advances in fungal taxonomy and phylogeny, not the least of which was the introduction of DNA-based research tools to her field of research in South Africa. This has enabled her research group to identify the biology of a wide variety of tree pathogens and establish itself as one of the foremost in the study of distribution and population dynamics of tree pathogens using DNA markers. She pioneered fungal genomics at the University of Pretoria where she was responsible for the first fungal genome to be sequenced in Africa. She is particularly interested in mating systems in Ascomycetes. Her success as a researcher is reflected in the internationally recognised work of many of her past PhD students. She has trained many Honours, Master’s and PhD students and has contributed considerably to bringing more female graduates into the research field. Publications Phylogenomic Incongruence in Ceratocystis: a Clue to Speciation? BMC Genomics. May, 2020 | Pubmed ID: 32408859 Quantification of Outcrossing Events in Haploid Fungi Using Microsatellite Markers Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland). Apr, 2020 | Pubmed ID: 32295110 Mating Strategy and Mating Type Distribution in Six Global Populations of the Eucalyptus Foliar Pathogen Teratosphaeria Destructans Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. Apr, 2020 | Pubmed ID: 32014463 The Novel Huntiella Omanensis Mating Gene, MAT1-2-7, is Essential for Ascomatal Maturation Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. Apr, 2020 | Pubmed ID: 31958567 IMA Genome-F 11: Draft Genome Sequences of and and Genome Annotation for IMA Fungus. Month, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 32355613 Repeat-Induced Point Mutations Drive Divergence Between and Its Close Relatives Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). Dec, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31847413 The RIPper, a Web-based Tool for Genome-wide Quantification of Repeat-Induced Point (RIP) Mutations PeerJ. Month, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31523495 QTL Mapping of Mycelial Growth and Aggressiveness to Distinct Hosts in Ceratocystis Pathogens Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. 10, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31212023 Genomic Analysis of the Aggressive Tree Pathogen Ceratocystis Albifundus Fungal Biology. 05, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31053324 It's All in the Genes: The Regulatory Pathways of Sexual Reproduction in Filamentous Ascomycetes Genes. 04, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31052334 Distribution and Evolution of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in the Genes. 04, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 31052158 The Mating System of the Eucalyptus Canker Pathogen Chrysoporthe Austroafricana and Closely Related Species Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. 02, 2019 | Pubmed ID: 30527628 Nine Draft Genome Sequences of ., Including , and Cf. Pseudomolecules for the Pitch Canker Pathogen , Draft Genome of and IMA Fungus. Jul, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30622889 Genomic Overview of Closely Related Fungi with Different Protea Host Ranges Fungal Biology. 12, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30449358 Ceratocystidaceae Exhibit High Levels of Recombination at the Mating-type (MAT) Locus Fungal Biology. 12, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30449356 Chromium Sequencing: the Doors Open for Genomics of Obligate Plant Pathogens BioTechniques. 11, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30394132 Armillaria Root-Rot Pathogens: Species Boundaries and Global Distribution Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). Oct, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30356027 Diversity and Evolution of Polyketide Biosynthesis Gene Clusters in the Ceratocystidaceae Fungal Biology. 09, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30115319 IMA Genome-F 9: Draft Genome Sequence of (syn. ), Two Strains, , , Cf and IMA Fungus. Jun, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30018880 Mitochondrial Introgression and Interspecies Recombination in the Species Complex IMA Fungus. Jun, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30018871 Multiple Independent Origins for a Subtelomeric Locus Associated with Growth Rate in IMA Fungus. Jun, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 30018870 Inheritance of Phenotypic Traits in the Progeny of a Ceratocystis Interspecific Cross Fungal Biology. 07, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29880206 Non-Mendelian Segregation Influences the Infection Biology and Genetic Structure of the African Tree Pathogen Ceratocystis Albifundus Fungal Biology. 04, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29551196 Pheromone Expression Reveals Putative Mechanism of Unisexuality in a Saprobic Ascomycete Fungus PloS One. Month, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29505565 Unexpected Placement of the MAT1-1-2 Gene in the MAT1-2 Idiomorph of Thielaviopsis Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. 04, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 29409964 IMA Genome-F 8: Draft Genome of , , and IMA Fungus. Dec, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29242781 Architecture and Distribution of Introns in Core Genes of Four Species G3 (Bethesda, Md.). 11, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28993438 A Plant Pathology Perspective of Fungal Genome Sequencing IMA Fungus. Jun, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28824836 IMA Genome-F 7: Draft Genome Sequences for and IMA Fungus. Dec, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27990338 Genetic Basis for High Population Diversity in Protea-associated Knoxdaviesia Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. 11, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27720822 IMA Genome-F 6: Draft Genome Sequences of Armillaria Fuscipes, Ceratocystiopsis Minuta, Ceratocystis Adiposa, Endoconidiophora Laricicola, E. Polonica and Penicillium Freii DAOMC 242723 IMA Fungus. Jun, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27433447 The Bark-Beetle-Associated Fungus, Endoconidiophora Polonica, Utilizes the Phenolic Defense Compounds of Its Host As a Carbon Source Plant Physiology. 06, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27208235 The Genetic Landscape of Ceratocystis Albifundus Populations in South Africa Reveals a Recent Fungal Introduction Event Fungal Biology. 05, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27109366 Mating Type Markers Reveal High Levels of Heterothallism in Leptographium Sensu Lato Fungal Biology. Apr, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27020155 A Possible Centre of Diversity in South East Asia for the Tree Pathogen, Ceratocystis Manginecans Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases. 07, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27016374 Genome Sequences of Knoxdaviesia Capensis and K. Proteae (Fungi: Ascomycota) from Protea Trees in South Africa Standards in Genomic Sciences. Month, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26933475 Genome-Based Selection and Characterization of Fusarium Circinatum-Specific Sequences G3 (Bethesda, Md.). Feb, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26888868 Host Jumps Shaped the Diversity of Extant Rust Fungi (Pucciniales) The New Phytologist. Feb, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26459939 IMA Genome-F 5: Draft Genome Sequences of Ceratocystis Eucalypticola, Chrysoporthe Cubensis, C. Deuterocubensis, Davidsoniella Virescens, Fusarium Temperatum,Graphilbum Fragrans, Penicillium Nordicum, and Thielaviopsis Musarum IMA Fungus. Dec, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26734552 Phylogenetic Placement of Itajahya: An Unusual Jacaranda Fungal Associate IMA Fungus. Dec, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26734541 Independent Origins and Incipient Speciation Among Host-associated Populations of Thielaviopsis Ethacetica in Cameroon Fungal Biology. Nov, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26466872 IMA Genome-F 4: Draft Genome Sequences of Chrysoporthe Austroafricana, Diplodia Scrobiculata, Fusarium Nygamai, Leptographium Lundbergii, Limonomyces Culmigenus, Stagonosporopsis Tanaceti, and Thielaviopsis Punctulata IMA Fungus. Jun, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26203426 Homothallism: an Umbrella Term for Describing Diverse Sexual Behaviours IMA Fungus. Jun, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26203424 IMA Genome-F 3: Draft Genomes of Amanita Jacksonii, Ceratocystis Albifundus, Fusarium Circinatum, Huntiella Omanensis, Leptographium Procerum, Rutstroemia Sydowiana, and Sclerotinia Echinophila IMA Fungus. Dec, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25734036 Genome-wide Macrosynteny Among Fusarium Species in the Gibberella Fujikuroi Complex Revealed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms PloS One. Month, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25486277 Population Structure and Diversity of an Invasive Pine Needle Pathogen Reflects Anthropogenic Activity Ecology and Evolution. Sep, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25478155 Ophiostomatoid Fungi Including Two New Fungal Species Associated with Pine Root-feeding Beetles in Northern Spain Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Dec, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25253585 IMA Genome-F 2: Ceratocystis Manginecans, Ceratocystis Moniliformis, Diplodia Sapinea: Draft Genome Sequences of Diplodia Sapinea, Ceratocystis Manginecans, and Ceratocystis Moniliformis IMA Fungus. Jun, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25083413 Reconsidering Species Boundaries in the Ceratocystis Paradoxa Complex, Including a New Species from Oil Palm and Cacao in Cameroon Mycologia. Jul-Aug, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24987122 DNA Loss at the Ceratocystis Fimbriata Mating Locus Results in Self-sterility PloS One. Month, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24651494 Multigene Phylogenies of Ophiostomataceae Associated with Monterey Pine Bark Beetles in Spain Reveal Three New Fungal Species Mycologia. Jan-Feb, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24603836 MAT Gene Idiomorphs Suggest a Heterothallic Sexual Cycle in a Predominantly Asexual and Important Pine Pathogen Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. Jan, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24220137 IMA Genome-F 1: Ceratocystis Fimbriata: Draft Nuclear Genome Sequence for the Plant Pathogen, Ceratocystis Fimbriata IMA Fungus. Dec, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24563841 Identification of the Gene for β-fructofuranosidase from Ceratocystis Moniliformis CMW 10134 and Characterization of the Enzyme Expressed in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae BMC Biotechnology. Nov, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24225070 Evidence for Inter-specific Recombination Among the Mitochondrial Genomes of Fusarium Species in the Gibberella Fujikuroi Complex BMC Genomics. Sep, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24010864 Analysis of Microsatellite Markers in the Genome of the Plant Pathogen Ceratocystis Fimbriata Fungal Biology. Jul-Aug, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23931120 Surveys of Soil and Water Reveal a Goldmine of Phytophthora Diversity in South African Natural Ecosystems IMA Fungus. Jul, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23898418 Deciphering the Cryptic Genome: Genome-wide Analyses of the Rice Pathogen Fusarium Fujikuroi Reveal Complex Regulation of Secondary Metabolism and Novel Metabolites PLoS Pathogens. Month, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23825955 Mutualism and Asexual Reproduction Influence Recognition Genes in a Fungal Symbiont Fungal Biology. Jun, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23809654 Characterization of the Mating-type Genes in Leptographium Procerum and Leptographium Profanum Fungal Biology. Jun, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23809651 Concerted Evolution in the Ribosomal RNA Cistron PloS One. Month, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23555022 Ceratocystis Eucalypticola Sp. Nov. from Eucalyptus in South Africa and Comparison to Global Isolates from This Tree IMA Fungus. Jun, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 23155500 Cryptic Species, Native Populations and Biological Invasions by a Eucalypt Forest Pathogen Molecular Ecology. Sep, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22882273 Microsatellite Markers for Grosmannia Alacris (Ophiostomataceae, Ascomycota) and Other Species in the G. Serpens Complex American Journal of Botany. May, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22539519 Both Mating Types in the Heterothallic Fungus Ophiostoma Quercus Contain MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 Genes Fungal Biology. Mar, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22385624 Diverse Sources of Infection and Cryptic Recombination Revealed in South African Diplodia Pinea Populations Fungal Biology. Jan, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22208606 One Fungus, One Name Promotes Progressive Plant Pathology Molecular Plant Pathology. Aug, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22146077 Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Species in the Grosmannia Serpens Complex Mycologia. May-Jun, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22123658 Paleogene Radiation of a Plant Pathogenic Mushroom PloS One. Month, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 22216099 Genetic Analysis of Growth, Morphology and Pathogenicity in the F(1) Progeny of an Interspecific Cross Between Fusarium Circinatum and Fusarium Subglutinans Fungal Biology. Sep, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21872187 Structure and Evolution of the Fusarium Mating Type Locus: New Insights from the Gibberellafujikuroi Complex Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B. Jul, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21453780 Characterization of a Novel DsRNA Element in the Pine Endophytic Fungus Diplodia Scrobiculata Archives of Virology. Jul, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21442227 Causes and Consequences of Variability in Peptide Mating Pheromones of Ascomycete Fungi Molecular Biology and Evolution. Jul, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21252281 Fungal Phoenix Rising from the Ashes? IMA Fungus. Dec, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 22679573 Multigene Phylogenetic and Population Differentiation Data Confirm the Existence of a Cryptic Species Within Chrysoporthe Cubensis Fungal Biology. Nov-Dec, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 21036341 Barcoding and Microcoding Using "identiprimers" with Leptographium Species Mycologia. Nov-Dec, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20943562 AFLP Analysis Reveals a Clonal Population of Phytophthora Pinifolia in Chile Fungal Biology. Sep, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20943184 Fusarium Ananatum Sp. Nov. in the Gibberella Fujikuroi Species Complex from Pineapples with Fruit Rot in South Africa Fungal Biology. Jul, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20943163 Micro- and Macrospatial Scale Analyses Illustrates Mixed Mating Strategies and Extensive Geneflow in Populations of an Invasive Haploid Pathogen Molecular Ecology. May, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20529069 Ophiostoma Tsotsi Sp. Nov., a Wound-infesting Fungus of Hardwood Trees in Africa Mycopathologia. May, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20054655 DNA-based Method for Rapid Identification of the Pine Pathogen, Phytophthora Pinifolia FEMS Microbiology Letters. Sep, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19659729 Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Dothiorella Casuarini Sp. Nov. and Other Botryosphaeriaceae with Diplodia-like Conidia Mycologia. Jul-Aug, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19623930 Characterization of the Systems Governing Sexual and Self-recognition in the White Rot Homobasidiomycete Amylostereum Areolatum Current Genetics. Jun, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18414867 Phylogeny of the Botryosphaeriaceae Reveals Patterns of Host Association Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Jan, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18290272 Species-specific Primers for Fusarium Redolens and a PCR-RFLP Technique to Distinguish Among Three Clades of Fusarium Oxysporum FEMS Microbiology Letters. Jun, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17391363 Polyphyly and Two Emerging Lineages in the Rust Genera Puccinia and Uromyces Mycological Research. Feb, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17324756 High Intercontinental Migration Rates and Population Admixture in the Sapstain Fungus Ophiostoma Ips Molecular Ecology. Jan, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17181723 A Disease Epidemic on Zizyphus Mucronata in the Kruger National Park Caused by Coniodictyum Chevalieri Studies in Mycology. Month, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 18490986 Celoporthe Dispersa Gen. Et Sp. Nov. from Native Myrtales in South Africa Studies in Mycology. Month, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 18490984 A Multi-gene Phylogeny for Species of Mycosphaerella Occurring on Eucalyptus Leaves Studies in Mycology. Month, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 18490976 Multi-gene Phylogenies and Phenotypic Characters Distinguish Two Species Within the Colletogloeopsis Zuluensis Complex Associated with Eucalyptus Stem Cankers Studies in Mycology. Month, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 18490975 Multi-gene Phylogenies Define Ceratocystiopsis and Grosmannia Distinct from Ophiostoma Studies in Mycology. Month, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 18490973 Microthia, Holocryphia and Ursicollum, Three New Genera on Eucalyptus and Coccoloba for Fungi Previously Known As Cryphonectria Studies in Mycology. Month, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 18490970 Novel Hosts of the Eucalyptus Canker Pathogen Chrysoporthe Cubensis and a New Chrysoporthe Species from Colombia Mycological Research. Jul, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16876702 Aurapex Penicillata Gen. Sp. Nov. from Native Miconia Theaezans and Tibouchina Spp. in Colombia Mycologia. Jan-Feb, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16800308 New Taxonomic Concepts for the Important Forest Pathogen Cryphonectria Parasitica and Related Fungi FEMS Microbiology Letters. May, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16640568 Clonality in South African Isolates and Evidence for a European Origin of the Root Pathogen Thielaviopsis Basicola Mycological Research. Mar, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16530627 First Record of Colletogloeopsis Zuluense Comb. Nov., Causing a Stem Canker of Eucalyptus in China Mycological Research. Feb, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16378717 Phylogenetic and Morphological Re-evaluation of the Botryosphaeria Species Causing Diseases of Mangifera Indica Mycologia. Jan-Feb, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16389961 Phylogenetic Analyses of DNA Sequences Reveal Species Partitions Amongst Isolates of Armillaria from Africa Mycological Research. Nov, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16279415 Taxonomic Re-evaluation of Leptographium Lundbergii Based on DNA Sequence Comparisons and Morphology Mycological Research. Oct, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16279409 Phenotypic and DNA Sequence Data Comparisons Reveal Three Discrete Species in the Ceratocystis Polonica Species Complex Mycological Research. Oct, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16279408 Ophiostoma Dentifundum Sp. Nov. from Oak in Europe, Characterized Using Molecular Phylogenetic Data and Morphology Mycological Research. Oct, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16279407 Rostraureum Tropicale Gen. Sp. Nov. (Diaporthales) Associated with Dying Terminalia Ivorensis in Ecuador Mycological Research. Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16209308 Multiple Gene Sequences Delimit Botryosphaeria Australis Sp. Nov. from B. Lutea Mycologia. Sep-Oct, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 21148924 Phylogenetic Relationships of Cryphonectria and Endothia Species, Based on DNA Sequence Data and Morphology Mycologia. Sep-Oct, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 21148920 Combined Multiple Gene Genealogies and Phenotypic Characters Differentiate Several Species Previously Identified As Botryosphaeria Dothidea Mycologia. Jan-Feb, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 21148832 Geographic Isolation of Diplodia Scrobiculata and Its Association with Native Pinus Radiata Mycological Research. Dec, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15757175 Characterisation of Ophiostoma Species Associated with Pine Bark Beetles from Mexico, Including O. Pulvinisporum Sp. Nov Mycological Research. Jun, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15323252 Mycosphaerella Species Causing Leaf Disease in South African Eucalyptus Plantations Mycological Research. Jun, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15323250 Leptographium Wingfieldii Introduced into North America and Found Associated with Exotic Tomicus Piniperda and Native Bark Beetles Mycological Research. Apr, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15209281 Phylogeny of the Ophiostoma Stenoceras-Sporothrix Schenckii Complex Mycologia. May-Jun, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 21156632 Molecular Identification and Phylogeny of Armillaria Isolates from South America and Indo-Malaysia Mycologia. Mar-Apr, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 21156614 Phylogenetic Relationships Among Phialocephala Species and Other Ascomycetes Mycologia. Jul-Aug, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 21148973 Multiple Gene Genealogies and Microsatellite Markers Reflect Relationships Between Morphotypes of Sphaeropsis Sapinea and Distinguish a New Species of Diplodia Mycological Research. May, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12884952 Transfection of Diaporthe Perjuncta with Diaporthe RNA Virus Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Jul, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12839766 The Ophiostoma Piceae Complex in the Southern Hemisphere: a Phylogenetic Study Mycological Research. Apr, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12825520 Cryptic Speciation in Fusarium Subglutinans Mycologia. Nov-Dec, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 21156574 Two New Species of Fusarium Section Liseola Associated with Mango Malformation Mycologia. Jul-Aug, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 21156544 Molecular Analysis of an Endopolygalacturonase Gene from a Eucalyptus Canker Pathogen, Cryphonectria Cubensis DNA Sequence : the Journal of DNA Sequencing and Mapping. Feb, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 12180135 Characterization of Seiridium Spp. Associated with Cypress Canker Based on ß-Tubulin and Histone Sequences Plant Disease. Mar, 2001 | Pubmed ID: 30832049 Characterization of Sphaeropsis Sapinea Isolates from South Africa, Mexico, and Indonesia Plant Disease. Feb, 2000 | Pubmed ID: 30841306 PCR-based Identification of MAT-1 and MAT-2 in the Gibberella Fujikuroi Species Complex Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Oct, 2000 | Pubmed ID: 11010886 필라멘트 아콤유세테 헌티엘라 오만시스에서 CRISPR-Cas9 중재 게놈 편집 Andi M. Wilson1,2, Brenda D. Wingfield1,2 1Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, University of Pretoria, 2Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria JoVE 61367 유전학
필라멘트 아콤유세테 헌티엘라 오만시스에서 CRISPR-Cas9 중재 게놈 편집 Andi M. Wilson1,2, Brenda D. Wingfield1,2 1Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, University of Pretoria, 2Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria JoVE 61367 유전학