РНК<em> В месте</em> Гибридизации эмбрионов Всего в гору и сотовых гистологии адаптированный для морских хрящевых рыб
Summary
Комбинируя методы РНК целом креплением<em> На месте</em> Гибридизации и гистологии, экспрессия генов могут быть связаны с клеточной судьбы решений в развивающемся эмбрионе. Эти методы были адаптированы для морских хрящевых рыб и облегчения использования этих животных в качестве модельных организмов для медико-биологических, токсикологических и сравнительных исследований.
Abstract
Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene’s message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ‘s provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ‘s and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ‘s and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ‘s hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Протоколы представлены классические методы мониторинга экспрессии генов и определения дифференцированных типов клеток, и были адаптированы для использования в морских хрящевых рыб. Дальнейшие модификации этих протоколов могут быть необходимы для адаптации к различным видам пласти…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Я хотел бы поблагодарить многих студентов, которые работали в моей лаборатории и внесли свой вклад в эволюцию этих протоколов. NAT получил поддержку от Skidmore-Союз сети, проект создан с ADVANCE NSF ПЛАТНЫЕ гранта.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
| 10 x transcription buffer | Roche | 11-465-384-001 | |
| DIG-RNA labeling mix | Roche | 11-277-073-910 | |
| RNAse inhibitor | Roche | 03-335-399-001 | |
| RNA polymerase – SP6 | Roche | 10-810-274-001 | |
| DNAseI, RNAse-free | Roche | 10-776-785-001 | |
| Yeast RNA | Invitrogen | 15401-029 | |
| CHAPS | EMD-Millipore | 220201 | |
| heparin | Sigma-Aldrich | H4784 | |
| DEPC (diethyl pyrocarbonate) | Research Organics | 2106D | |
| Moria Perforated Spoon | Fine Science Tools | 10370-17 | |
| Netwell inserts | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 64713-00 | Netwells for use in 6-well tissue culture dishes |
| 6-well tissue culture plate | Corning | 3516 | |
| Glass scintillation vials with screw-cap lids | Weaton Science Products | 986540 | |
| formamide | Fisher | BP227500 | |
| Proteinase K | Invitrogen | 59895 (AM2542) | |
| NBT | 11585029001 | ||
| BCIP | Roche | 11585002001 | |
| Hydrogen peroxide, 30% | EMD | HX0635-1 | |
| Sheep serum | VWR | 101301-478 | |
| glutaraldehyde | Sigma-Aldrich | G5882 | |
| tRNA | Roche | 10-109-541-001 | |
| Anti-DIG Fab Fragments | Roche | 1137-6623 | |
| Table 3. Reagents and equipment for RNA whole mount in situ‘s. | |||
| 1% Alcian Blue 8GS, pH 2.5 | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 26323-01 | |
| Nuclear Fast Red | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 26078-05 | |
| DPX Mountant | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 13510 | |
| Paraffin (Paraplast X-tra) | McCormick Scientific | 39503002 | |
| 10% Formalin, NBF | VWR | 95042-908 | |
| Glass scintillation vials with screw-cap lids | Weaton Science Products | 986540 | |
| Stainless steal base molds | Tissue-Tek | 4161-4165 | Multiple sizes available. |
| Cassettes | Tissue-Tek | 4170 | |
| Slide warmer | Fisher-Scientific | 12-594Q | |
| Tissue Embedder | Leica Microsystems | EG1160 | |
| Microtome, rotary | Leica Microsystems | RM2235 | |
| Tissue-Tek Slide Staining Set | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 62540-01 | |
| Tissue-Tek 24-Slide Holder | Electron Microscopy Sciences | 62543-06 | |
| Superfrost*Plus slides | Fisherbrand | 12-550-17 | |
| Table 4. Reagents and equipment for Alcian Blue stain. |
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