Messung<em> In Vitro</em> ATPase Aktivität für die enzymatische Charakterisierung
Summary
We describe a basic protocol for quantitating in vitro ATPase activity. This protocol can be optimized based on the level of activity and requirements for a given purified ATPase.
Abstract
Adenosintriphosphat-hydrolysierende Enzyme oder ATPase, eine entscheidende Rolle in einer Vielfalt von Zellfunktionen spielen. Diese dynamischen Proteine können Energie für die mechanische Arbeit, wie zum Beispiel Proteintransport und Abbau, Transport gelöster Stoffe und zelluläre Bewegungen erzeugen. Das hier beschriebene Protokoll ist ein einfaches Assay zur Messung der in vitro – Aktivität von gereinigtem ATPasen für die funktionelle Charakterisierung. Proteine hydrolysieren ATP in einer Reaktion, die in anorganischen Phosphatfreisetzung resultiert, und die Menge an Phosphat freigesetzt wird dann quantifiziert eines kolorimetrischen Assay. Das hochflexible Protokoll kann eingestellt werden ATPase-Aktivität in kinetische oder Endpunkt-Assays zu messen. Ein repräsentatives Protokoll ist vorgesehen , bezogen auf die Aktivität und Anforderungen EPSE umfasste die AAA + ATPase in Type II Secretion in dem Bakterium Vibrio cholerae. Die Menge an gereinigtem Protein benötigt Aktivität zu messen, die Länge des Tests und der Zeitpunkt und die Anzahl der sampling Intervallen, Puffer und Salzzusammensetzung, der Temperatur, Co-Faktoren, Stimulantien (falls vorhanden), usw. können hier von den beschriebenen abweichen, und somit kann eine gewisse Optimierung erforderlich sein. Dieses Protokoll stellt ein Grundgerüst für die Charakterisierung ATPasen und kann schnell und einfach eingestellt wie erforderlich durchgeführt werden.
Introduction
ATPases are integral enzymes in many processes across all kingdoms of life. ATPases act as molecular motors that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power such diverse reactions as protein trafficking, unfolding, and assembly; replication and transcription; cellular metabolism; muscle movement; cell motility; and ion pumping1-3. Some ATPases are transmembrane proteins involved in transporting solutes across membranes, others are cytoplasmic and may be associated with a biological membrane such as the plasma membrane or those of organelles.
AAA+ ATPases (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) make up a large group of ATPases that share some sequence and structural conservation. These proteins contain conserved nucleotide binding motifs such as Walker-A and -B boxes and form oligomers (generally hexamers) in their active state1. Large conformational changes in these proteins upon nucleotide binding have been characterized among diverse members of the AAA+ family. EpsE is a AAA+ ATPase and member of the bacterial Type II/IV secretion subfamily of NTPases4-6. EpsE powers Type II Secretion (T2S) in Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. The T2S system is responsible for the secretion of a wide variety of proteins, such as the virulence factor cholera toxin that causes profuse watery diarrhea when V. cholerae colonizes the human small intestine7.
Techniques for quantitating in vitro ATPase activity are varied, but commonly measure phosphate release using colorimetric, fluorescent, or radioactive substrates8-11. We describe a basic method for determining in vitro ATPase activity of purified proteins using a colorimetric assay based on a commercially available malachite green-containing substrate that measures liberated inorganic phosphate (Pi). At low pH, malachite green molybdate forms a complex with Pi and the level of complex formation can be measured at 650 nm. This simple and sensitive assay may be used to functionally characterize new ATPases and to evaluate the roles of potential activators or inhibitors, to determine the importance of domains and/or specific residues, or to assess the effect of particular treatments on enzymatic activity.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Dies ist ein allgemeines Protokoll für die in vitro ATPase Aktivität von gereinigten Proteinen für die biochemische Charakterisierung zu messen. Dieses Verfahren ist leicht optimiert; beispielsweise die Menge an Protein, Puffer und Salzzusammensetzungen Einstellen der Temperatur und der Variation der Testlänge und Intervalle (einschließlich der Gesamtzahl der Intervalle Erhöhung) können Aktivitäts Quantifizierung verbessern. Im Handel erhältliche Malachitgrün-basierenden Reagenzien sind sehr empfindli…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge funding from a National Institutes of Health grant RO1AI049294 (to M. S.).
Materials
| HEPES buffer | Fisher | BP310-500 | |
| Sodium chloride | Fisher | BP358-212 | |
| Magnesium chloride | Fisher | BP214-500 | |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Fisher | BP41325 | |
| 96-well plates (clear, flat-bottom) | VWR | 82050-760 | |
| BIOMOL Green | Enzo Life Sciences | BML-AK111 | Preferred phosphate detection reagent. Caution: irritant. |
| Microplate reader | BioTek Synergy or comparable | ||
| Prism 5 | GraphPad Software | ||
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