JoVE Journal > Environment
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Results
Discussion
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
Materials
References
자동 번역
환경과학

Kobling av karbonfangst fra et kraftverk med halvautomatiske åpne racerbanedammer for mikroalgedyrking

Published: August 14, 2020
doi:
10.3791/61498
, , ,
1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,University of Arizona, 2Department of Biosystems Engineering,University of Arizona, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of Arizona

Summary

En protokoll er beskrevet for å utnytte karbondioksidet i naturgasskraftverkets røykgass for å dyrke mikroalger i åpne racerbanedammer. Røykgassinjeksjon styres med en pH-sensor, og mikroalgevekst overvåkes med sanntidsmålinger av optisk tetthet.

Abstract

I USA kommer 35% av de totale karbondioksidutslippene (CO2) fra den elektriske kraftindustrien, hvorav 30% representerer naturgass elektrisitetsproduksjon. Mikroalger kan biofix CO2 10 til 15 ganger raskere enn planter og konvertere algebiomasse til produkter av interesse, for eksempel biodrivstoff. Dermed presenterer denne studien en protokoll som demonstrerer de potensielle synergiene av mikroalgedyrking med et naturgasskraftverk som ligger i det sørvestlige USA i et varmt halvtørrt klima. Toppmoderne teknologier brukes til å forbedre karbonfangst og -utnyttelse via den grønne algearten Chlorella sorokiniana, som kan behandles videre til biodrivstoff. Vi beskriver en protokoll som involverer en halvautomatisk åpen racerbanedamme og diskuterer resultatene av ytelsen da den ble testet ved Tucson Electric Power-anlegget i Tucson, Arizona. Røykgass ble brukt som hovedkarbonkilde for å kontrollere pH, og Chlorella sorokiniana ble dyrket. Et optimalisert medium ble brukt til å dyrke alger. Mengden CO2 som ble lagt til systemet som en funksjon av tid ble nøye overvåket. I tillegg ble andre fysisk-kjemiske faktorer som påvirker algevekstraten, biomasseproduktiviteten og karbonfikseringen overvåket, inkludert optisk tetthet, oppløst oksygen (DO), elektroledningsevne (EC) og luft- og damtemperaturer. Resultatene indikerer at et mikroalgeutbytte på opptil 0,385 g / l askefri tørrvekt er oppnåelig, med et lipidinnhold på 24%. Ved å utnytte synergistiske muligheter mellom CO 2-emittere og algebønder kan de ressursene som kreves for å øke karbonfangsten samtidig som de støtter bærekraftig produksjon av algebiodrivstoff og bioprodukter.

Introduction

Global oppvarming er et av de viktigste miljøspørsmålene verden står overfor i dag1. Studier tyder på at hovedårsaken er økningen i klimagassutslipp, hovedsakelig CO2, i atmosfæren på grunn av menneskelig aktivitet 2,3,4,5,6,7. I USA stammer den største tettheten av CO2-utslipp hovedsakelig fra forbrenning av fossilt brensel i energisektoren, spesielt elektriske kraftproduksjonsanleggpå 3,7,8,9. Dermed har teknologier for karbonfangst og -utnyttelse (CCU) dukket opp som en av de viktigste strategiene for å redusere klimagassutslippenemed 2,7,10. Disse inkluderer biologiske systemer som bruker sollys for å konvertere CO2 og vann via fotosyntese, i nærvær av næringsstoffer, til biomasse. Bruk av mikroalger er foreslått på grunn av den raske vekstraten, høy CO 2-fikseringsevne og høy produksjonskapasitet. I tillegg har mikroalger et bredt bioenergipotensial fordi biomassen kan omdannes til produkter av interesse, for eksempel biodrivstoff som kan erstatte fossilt brensel 7,9,10,11,12.

Mikroalger kan vokse og oppnå biologisk konvertering i en rekke dyrkingssystemer eller reaktorer, inkludert åpne racerbanedammer og lukkede fotobioreaktorer 13,14,15,16,17,18,19. Forskere har studert fordelene og begrensningene som bestemmer bioprosessens suksess i begge dyrkingssystemene, under enten innendørs eller utendørs forhold 5,6,16,20,21,22,23,24,25 . Åpne racerbanedammer er de vanligste dyrkingssystemene for karbonfangst og -utnyttelse i situasjoner der røykgass kan distribueres direkte fra stabelen. Denne typen dyrkingssystem er relativt billig, er lett å skalere opp, har lave energikostnader og har lave energibehov for blanding. I tillegg kan disse systemene enkelt samlokaliseres med kraftverket for å gjøre CCU-prosessen mer effektiv. Det er imidlertid noen ulemper som må vurderes, for eksempel begrensningen i CO2 gass/ væskemasseoverføring. Selv om det er begrensninger, har åpne racerbanedammer blitt foreslått som det mest passende systemet for utendørs mikroalgal biodrivstoffproduksjon 5,9,11,16,20.

I denne artikkelen beskriver vi en metode for mikroalgedyrking i åpne racerbanedammer som kombinerer karbonfangst fra røykgassen til et naturgasskraftverk. Metoden består av et halvautomatisk system som styrer røykgassinjeksjon basert på kulturen pH; systemet overvåker og registrerer Chlorella sorokiniana kulturstatus i sanntid ved hjelp av optisk tetthet, oppløst oksygen (DO), elektroledningsevne (EC) og luft- og damtemperatursensorer. Algebiomasse- og røykgassinjeksjonsdata samles inn av en datalogger hvert tiende minutt på Tucson Electric Power-anlegget. Vedlikehold av algerstamme, oppskalering, kvalitetskontrollmålinger og biomassekarakterisering (f.eks. korrelasjon mellom optisk tetthet, g/L og lipidinnhold) utføres i et laboratorium ved University of Arizona. En tidligere protokoll skisserte en metode for optimalisering av røykgassinnstillinger for å fremme mikroalgevekst i fotobioreaktorer via datasimulering26. Protokollen som presenteres her er unik ved at den benytter åpne racerbanedammer og er designet for å implementeres på stedet ved et naturgasskraftverk for å gjøre direkte bruk av røykgassen som produseres. I tillegg er målinger av optisk tetthet i sanntid en del av protokollen. Systemet som beskrevet er optimalisert for et varmt semiaridklima (Köppen BSh), som viser lav nedbør, betydelig variasjon i nedbør fra år til år, lav relativ luftfuktighet, høye fordampningshastigheter, klar himmel og intens solstråling27.

Protocol

1. Vekstsystem: utendørs åpne raceway daminnstillinger Sett opp de åpne racerbanedammene nær røykgasskilden (som inneholder 8–10 % CO2). Sørg for at vann og elektrisitet er tilgjengelig ved damreaktorens plassering, og at reaktoren ikke er i skyggen mesteparten av dagen (figur 1). Fang røykgass under etterforbrenningsprosessen ved hjelp av en 0,95 cm drivstoffslange, noen få meter før røykgassen kommer inn i stabelen som skal slippes ut i atmosfære…

Representative Results

Tidligere eksperimentelle resultater fra laboratoriet vårt indikerer at mikroalgedyrking ved hjelp av en halvautomatisk åpen racerbanedamme kan kombineres med karbonfangstprosesser. For bedre å forstå synergien mellom disse to prosessene (figur 2), utviklet vi en protokoll og skreddersydde den for dyrking av den grønne algearten Chlorella sorokiniana under utendørsforhold i et varmt semiaridklima. Naturgassrørgass ble hentet fra et industrikraftverk. Denne protokollen bruker …

Discussion

I denne studien viser vi at synergistisk kobling av røykgass karbonfangst og mikroalgedyrking er mulig i et varmt halvtørrt klima. Den eksperimentelle protokollen for det halvautomatiske raceway damsystemet integrerer toppmoderne teknologi for å overvåke relevante parametere i sanntid som korrelerer med algevekst ved bruk av røykgass som karbonkilde. Den foreslåtte protokollen er ment å redusere usikkerheten i algedyrking, som er en av de viktigste ulempene ved racerbanedammer 20,21,36.<sup…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Dette arbeidet ble støttet gjennom Regional Algal Feedstock Testbed-prosjektet, U.S. Department of Energy DE-EE0006269. Vi takker også Esteban Jimenez, Jessica Peebles, Francisco Acedo, Jose Cisneros, RAFT Team, Mansfield, UA kraftverksansatte og ansatte ved TEP-kraftverket for all hjelp.

Materials

Adjustable speed motor (paddle wheel system) Leeson 174307 Lesson 174307.00, type: SCR Voltage; Amps:10
Aluminum weight boats Fisher Scientific 08-732-102 Fisherbrand Aluminum Weighing Dishes
Ammonium Iron (III) (NH₄)₅[Fe(C₆H₄O₇)₂] Fisher Scientific 1185 – 57 – 5 Medium preparation. Ammonium iron(III) citrate
Ammonium Phosphate Sigma-Aldrich 7722-76-1 This chemical is used for the optimized medium
Ampicillin sodium salt Sigma Aldrich A9518-5G This chemical is used for avoiding algae contamination
Autoclave Amerex Instrument Inc Hirayama HA300MII
Bacto agar Fisher Scientific BP1423500 Fisher BioReagents Granulated Agar
Bleach Clorox Germicidal Bleach, concentrated clorox
Boric Acid (H3BO3) Fisher Scientific 10043-35-3 Trace Elelements: Boric acid
Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2*2H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 10035-04-8 Medium preparation. Calcium chloride dihydrate
Carboys (20 L) Nalgene – Thermo Fisher Scientific 2250-0050PK Polypropylene Carboy w/Handles
Centrifuge Beckman Coulter, Inc J2-21
Chloroform Sigma-Aldrich 67-66-3 This chemical is used for lipid extraction
Citraplex 20% Iron Loveland Products SDS No. 1000595582 -17-LPI https://www.fbn.com/direct/product/Citraplex-20-Iron#product_info
Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2*6H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 10026-22-9 Trace Elements: Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate
Compressor Makita MAC700 This equipment is used for the injection CO2 system
Control Valve Sierra Instruments SmartTrak 100 This item needs to be customized for your application. In our case, it was used a 5% CO2 and 95% air mixture.
Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4*5H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 7758-99-8 Trace Elements: Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate
Data Logger: Campbell unit CR3000 Scientific Campbell CR3000 This equipment is used for controlling all the system, motoring and recording data
Dissolvde Oxygen Solution Campbell Scientific 14055 Dissolved oxygen electrolyte solution DO6002 – Lot No. 211085
Dissolved Oxygen probe Sensorex  DO6400/T Dissolved Oxygen Sensor with Digital Communication
Electroconductivity calibration solution Ricca Chemical Company 2245 – 32 ( R2245000-1A ) Conductivity Standard, 5000 uS/cm at 25C (2620 ppm TDS as NaCl)
Electroconductivity probe sensor Hanna Instruments HI3003/D Flow-thru Conductivity Probe – NTC Sensor, DIN Connector, 3m Cable
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA*2H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 6381-92-6 Medium Preparation: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate
Filters Fisher Scientific 09-874-48 Whatman Binder-Free Glass Microfiber Filters
Flasks Fisher scientific 09-552-40 Pyrex Fernbach Flasks
Furnace Hogentogler Model: F6020C-80 Thermo Sicentific Thermolyne F6020C – 80 Muffle Furnace
Glass dessicator VWR International LLC 75871-430 Type 150, 140 mm of diameter
Glass funnel Fisher Scientific FB6005865 Fisherbrand Reusable Glass Long-Stem Funnels
Laminar flow hood Fisher Hamilton Safeair Fisher Hamilton Stainless Safeair hume hood
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4*7H2O) Fisher Scientific 10034 – 99 – 8 Medium Preparation: Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Methanol Sigma-Aldrich 67-56-1 Lipid extraction solvent
Micro bubble Diffuser Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems 1PMBD075 This equipment is used for the injection CO2 system
Microalgae: Chlorella Sorokiniana NAABB DOE 1412
Microoscope Carl Zeiss 4291097
Microwave assistant extraction MARS, CEM Corportation CEM Mars 5 Xtraction 230/60 Microwave Accelerated Reaction System. Model: 907601
MnCl2*4H2O Sigma-Aldrich 13446-34-9 Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate
Mortars Fisher Scientific FB961B Fisherbrand porcelein mortars
Nitrogen evaporator Organomation N-EVAP 112 Nitrogen Evaporatpr (OA-SYS Heating System)
Oven VWR International LLC 89511-410 Forced Air Oven
Paddle Wheel 8-blade horizontal axis propeller. This usually comes as part of the paddlewheel reactor.
Paddle wheel motor Leeson M1135042.00 Leeson, Model: CM34025Nz10C; 1/4 HP; Volts 90; FR 34; 62 RPM.
Pestles Fisher Scientific FB961M Fisherbrand porcelein pestles
pH and EC Transmitter Hanna Instruments HI98143 Hanna Instruments HI98143-04 pH and EC Transmitter with Galvanic isolated 0-4V.
pH calibration solutions Fisher Scientific 13-643-003 Thermo Scientific Orion pH Buffer Bottles
pH probe sensor Hanna Instruments HI1006-2005 Hanna Instruments HI1006-2005 Teflon pH Electrode with matching pin 5m.
Pippete tips Fisher Scientific 1111-2821 1000 ul TipOne graduated blue tip in racks
Pippetter Fisher Scientific 13-690-032 Eppendorf Reserch plus Variable Adjustable Volume Pipettes: Single-channel
Plastic cuvettes Fisher scientific 14377017 BrandTech BRAND Plastic Cuvettes
Plates Fisher scientific 08-757-100D Corning Falcon Bacteriological Petri Dishes with Lid
Potash This chemical is used for the optimazed medium preparation. It was bought in a fertilizer local company
Potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4) Sigma-Aldrich 7758 -11 – 4 Medium Preparation: Potassium phosphate dibasic
Pyrex reusable Media Storage Bottles Fisher scientific 06-414-2A 1 L and 2 L bottels – PYREX GL45 Screw Caps with Plug Seals
Raceway Pond Similar equipment can be bought at https://microbioengineering.com/products
Real Time Optical Density Sensor University of Arizona This equipment was design and build by a member of the group
RS232 Cable Sabrent Sabrent USB 2.0 to Serial (9-Pin) DB-9 RS-232 Converter Cable, Prolific Chipset, Hexnuts, [Windows 10/8.1/8/7/VISTA/XP, Mac OS X 10.6 and Above] 2.5 Feet (CB-DB9P)
Shaker Table Algae agitation 150 rpm
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Sigma-Aldrich 497-19-8 Sodium carbonate
Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4*2H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 10102-40-6 Medium Preparation: Sodium molybdate dihydrate
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) Sigma-Aldrich 7631-99-4 Medium Preparation: Sodium nitrate
Spectophotometer Fisher Scientific Company 14-385-400 Thermo Fisher Scientific – 10S UV-Vis GENESTYS Spectrophotometer cylindrical Longpath cell holder; internal reference dectector, Xenon flash lamp; dual silicon photodiode; 240V, 50 to 60Hz selected automatically.
Test tubes Fisher Scientific 14-961-27 Fisherbrand Disposable Borosilicate Glass Tubes with Plain End (10 ml)
Thermocouples type K Omega KMQXL-125G-6
Urea Sigma-Aldrich 2067-80-3 Urea
Vacuum filtration system Fisher Scientific XX1514700 MilliporeSigma Glass Vacuum Filter Holder, 47 mm. The system includes: Ground glass flask attachment, coarse-frit glass filter support, and flask
Vacuum pump Grainger Marathon Electric AC Motor Thermally protected G588DX – MOD 5KH36KNA510X. HP 1/4. RPM 1725/1425
Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4*7H2O) Sigma-Aldrich 7446-20-0 Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

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Tags

Carbon CaptureMicroalgae CultivationOpen Raceway PondsSemi-automated SystemPH ControlFlue Gas UtilizationReal-time MonitoringAlgae Culture
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Acedo, M., Gonzalez Cena, J. R., Kiehlbaugh, K. M., Ogden, K. L. Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation. J. Vis. Exp. (162), e61498, doi:10.3791/61498 (2020).
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