Chapter 20
The First Law of Thermodynamics
![Thermodynamic Systems](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13674.jpg)
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its…
![Work Done During Volume Change](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13675.jpg)
In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated…
![Heat and Free Expansion](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13677.jpg)
The work done by a thermodynamic system depends not only on the initial and final states but also on the intermediate states—that is, on the…
![Internal Energy](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13678.jpg)
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The…
![First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13680.jpg)
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the net heat transfer into the system minus the…
![Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13681.jpg)
A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case…
![Isochoric and Isobaric Processes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13683.jpg)
A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or…
![Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas I](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13684.jpg)
Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI…
![Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13686.jpg)
The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d…
![Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13687.jpg)
When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic…
![Work Done in an Adiabatic Process](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/13689.jpg)
Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder…
![Thermodynamic Potentials](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14172.jpg)
Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four…
![Submillisecond Conformational Changes in Proteins Resolved by Photothermal Beam Deflection](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/50969_t.png)
Photothermal beam deflection together with photo-acoustic calorimetry and thermal grating belongs to the family of photothermal methods that monitor…
![Differential Scanning Calorimetry — A Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability and Conformation of Protein Antigen](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/55262_t.png)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry — A Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability and Conformation of Protein Antigen
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Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is an analytical technique that measures the molar heat capacity of samples as a function of temperature. In…