JoVE Journal > Medicine
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Resultados
Discussion
Declarações
Acknowledgements
Materials
Referências
Tadução automática
Please note that all translations are automatically generated. Click here for the English version.
Medicina

À l’aide de l’imagerie rétinienne pour étudier la démence

Published: November 06, 2017
doi:
10.3791/56137
, , , , , , ,
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Medicine & Therapeutics,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Memory Aging and Cognition Centre,National University Health System, 6Department of Pharmacology,National University of Singapore, 7Singapore Eye Research Institute,Singapore National Eye Centre, 8Duke-NUS Medical School,National University of Singapore

Summary

La rétine des similitudes importantes avec le cerveau et représente donc une fenêtre unique pour étudier la vascularisation et la structure neuronale dans le cerveau non invasive. Ce protocole décrit une méthode pour étudier la démence à l’aide de techniques d’imagerie rétiniennes. Cette méthode peut potentiellement aider au diagnostic et évaluation des risques de démence.

Abstract

La rétine offre un « guichet » unique pour étudier les processus physiopathologiques de démence dans le cerveau, car c’est une extension du système nerveux central (CNS) et partage des similitudes avec le cerveau en ce qui concerne l’origine embryologique, caractéristiques anatomiques et propriétés physiologiques.  La structure neuronale et vasculaire de la rétine peut maintenant être rétinienne facilement visualisée et non invasive utilisant techniques d’imagerie, y compris la photographie du fond de œil et la tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) et quantifié semi-automatiquement programmes d’analyse assistée par ordinateur. Étudier les associations entre les modifications vasculaires et neurones dans la rétine et la démence puisse améliorer notre compréhension de la démence et potentiellement, l’aide au diagnostic et évaluation des risques.  Ce protocole vise à décrire une méthode de quantification et analyse de la vascularisation rétinienne et structure neuronale, qui sont potentiellement associés à la démence. Ce protocole a également fournit des exemples de modifications rétiniennes chez les sujets atteints de démence et traite de questions techniques et les limites actuelles de l’imagerie rétinienne.

Introduction

En raison de l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie, démence est devenue un problème médical majeur, contribuant à sociale importante et santé économique charge globalement1,2,3,4,5. Aujourd’hui, une personne aux Etats-Unis développe la maladie d’Alzheimer (ma), la forme la plus courante de démence, chaque 66 s6. On estime que d’ici à 2050, 115 millions de personnes seront touchés par AD7.

La rétine offre un « guichet » unique pour étudier la démence due à ses propriétés anatomiques et physiologiques similaires avec le cerveau. En ce qui concerne le système vasculaire, la rétiniens artérioles et les veinules, mesurant 100 à 300 µm de diamètre, partagent des caractéristiques similaires avec des vaisseaux cérébraux petits, tels que les artérioles fin sans anastomoses, fonction de barrière et autorégulation8, 9. en termes de structure neuronale, les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes (CGR) ont des propriétés typiques avec les neurones dans le système nerveux central (CNS) 10. Les CGR sont connectés en bonne place avec le cerveau car ils forment les nerf optique et projet signaux visuels de la rétine pour le noyau géniculé latéral et le colliculus supérieur. Le nerf optique, similaire aux nombreuses fibres neuronales dans le SNC, est myélinisés par les oligodendrocytes et entourées en couches méningés. Notamment, une insulte pour le nerf optique peut entraîner dans des réponses similaires observées dans les autres axones CNS, comme rétrograde et la dégénérescence de l’axone, la formation de cicatrices, destruction de la myéline, dégénérescence secondaire et un niveau anormal de neurotrophiques antérograde facteurs et les neurotransmetteurs11,12,13,14. L’apparition de symptômes visuels chez certains patients AD peut aussi s’expliquer par les associations robustes entre la rétine et le cerveau15,16. En conséquence, il a été suggéré que la rétine peut refléter les processus pathologiques de démence dans le cerveau et l’imagerie rétinienne peut être utilisé pour étudier la démence.

Le système vasculaire rétinien et la structure neuronale peuvent maintenant être visualisées non invasive à l’aide de techniques d’imagerie rétiniennes. Par exemple, les photographies du fond d’oeil rétine peuvent être capturées à l’aide de caméras du fond de œil, et caractéristiques de la vascularisation rétinienne (par exemple, selon la dimension fractale, tortuosité et calibre de navire) peuvent ensuite être quantifiés en utilisant l’analyse assistée par ordinateur programmes. En outre, les paramètres de la structure neuronale rétinienne (tels que l’épaisseur de la couche plexiforme de cellule-inner ganglion [GC-IPL] et de la couche des fibres nerveuses rétiniennes [CFNR]) peuvent également être mesurées à l’aide de la tomographie en cohérence optique (OCT) et quantifiées à l’aide de la fonction intégrée algorithmes d’analyse.

Compte tenu de l’importance de l’imagerie rétinienne à l’étude de démence, ce protocole vise à décrire une méthode d’imagerie et d’analyse de système vasculaire rétinien et structure neuronale in vivo à l’aide de techniques d’imagerie rétiniennes. Ce protocole a également fournit des exemples de modifications rétiniennes chez les sujets atteints de démence et traite de questions techniques et les limites actuelles de l’imagerie rétinienne.

Protocol

toutes les méthodes décrites ici ont été approuvés par un Comité d’éthique de la recherche clinique locale à Hong Kong. Remarque : pour plus de simplicité, les équipements énumérés dans la Table des matières sont utilisé pour illustrer les procédures d’imagerie rétinienne et l’analyse ultérieure. Mesure des paramètres vasculaires rétiniennes est illustrée à l’aide de l’évaluation du navire à Singapour I programme (SIVA) 1…

Representative Results

Figure 10 : Un exemple pour montrer les différences dans le système vasculaire rétinien entre un sujet normal et un sujet AD. Par rapport à ce qui est normal, photographie du fond de œil du sujet AD a montré des calibres de navire plus étroits (CRAE de Zone B, 116,4 µm vs 156,4 µm ; CRVE de la Zone B, 186,9 µm contre 207,5 µm?…

Discussion

Ce protocole décrit les procédures de quantification des modifications neuronales et vasculaires dans la rétine en vivo. Comme la rétine partage semblables origines embryologiques, anatomiques caractéristiques et propriétés physiologiques avec le cerveau, ces modifications rétiniennes peuvent refléter des changements similaires de vascularisation et de la structure neuronale dans le cerveau.

Comme le montre la Figure 10 et tableau 1</stro…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Au sujet d’éventuels liens financiers, l’auteur Tien Y. Wong est le co-inventeur du programme Singapore I navire évaluation (SIVA) utilisé dans cet article.

Materials

Non-mydriatic Retinal Camera  Topcon, Inc, Tokyo, Japan TRC 50DX  N/A
Singapore I Vessel Assessment Program National University of Singapore Version 4.0 N/A
CIRRUS HD-OCT  Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA Model 4000 N/A
Mydriatic Agents  N/A N/A Prepared from 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Referências

  1. Alzheimer’s Disease International. The prevalence of dementia worldwide. Alzheimer’s Dis. Int. (December), 1-2 (2008).
  2. Wimo, A., Winblad, B., &Jönsson, L. The worldwide societal costs of dementia: Estimates for 2009. Alzheimer’s Dement. 6 (2), 98-103 (2010).
  3. Comas-Herrera, A., Northey, S., Wittenberg, R., Knapp, M., Bhattacharyya, S., Burns, A. Future costs of dementia-related long-term care: exploring future scenarios. Int. Psychogeriatr. 23 (1), 20-30 (2011).
  4. Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), e47-e92 (2014).
  5. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W., Ferri, C. P. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers. Dement. 9 (1), 63-75 (2013).
  6. Alzheimer’s Association. 2016 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 12 (4), 459-509 (2016).
  7. Asih, P. R., Chatterjee, P., Verdile, G., Gupta, V. B., Trengove, R. D., Martins, R. N. Clearing the amyloid in Alzheimer’s: progress towards earlier diagnosis and effective treatments – an update for clinicians. Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 4 (5), 363-378 (2014).
  8. Cheung, C. Y., Ikram, M. K., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y. Imaging retina to study dementia and stroke. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. , (2017).
  9. Patton, N., Aslam, T., Macgillivray, T., Pattie, A., Deary, I. J., Dhillon, B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J. Anat. 206 (4), 319-348 (2005).
  10. London, A., Benhar, I., Schwartz, M. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9 (1), 44-53 (2013).
  11. Crowe, M. J., Bresnahan, J. C., Shuman, S. L., Masters, J. N., Beattie, M. S. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys. Nat Med. 3 (1), 73-76 (1997).
  12. Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Quigley, H. A., Kerrigan-Baumrind, L. A., D’Anna, S. A., Kerrigan, D., Pease, M. E. Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (5), 975-982 (2001).
  13. Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Quigley, H. A., Martin, K. R., Zack, D. J., Pease, M. E., Valenta, D. F. A model to study differences between primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rats by partial optic nerve transection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44 (8), 3388-3393 (2003).
  14. Yoles, E., Schwartz, M. Degeneration of spared axons following partial white matter lesion: implications for optic nerve neuropathies. Exp Neurol. 153 (1), 1-7 (1998).
  15. Sadun, A. A., Borchert, M., DeVita, E., Hinton, D. R., Bassi, C. J. Assessment of Visual Impairment in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 104 (2), 113-120 (1987).
  16. Schlotterer, G., Moscovitch, M., Crapper-Mclachlan, D. Visual processing deficits as assessed by spatial frequency contrast sensitivity and backward masking in normal ageing and alzheimer’s. Brain. 107 (1), 309-324 (1984).
  17. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. A new method to measure peripheral retinal vascular caliber over an extended area. Microcirculation. 17 (7), 495-503 (2010).
  18. Knudtson, M. D., Lee, K. E., Hubbard, L. D., Wong, T. Y., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters. Curr. Eye Res. 27 (3), 143-149 (2003).
  19. Hubbard, L. D., et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology. 106 (12), 2269-2280 (1999).
  20. Patton, N., et al. The association between retinal vascular network geometry and cognitive ability in an elderly population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (5), 1995-2000 (2007).
  21. VanHecke, M. V., et al. Are retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with large artery endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickness? The Hoorn Study. Clin. Sci. London Engl. 110 (5), 597-604 (2006).
  22. Tien, Y. W., et al. Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (6), 2341-2350 (2006).
  23. Leung, H., et al. Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (7), 2900-2904 (2003).
  24. Wong, T. Y., et al. The prevalence and risk factors of retinal microvascular abnormalities in older persons: The cardiovascular health study. Ophthalmology. 110 (4), 658-666 (2003).
  25. Ikram, M. K., et al. Retinal vessel diameters and risk of stroke: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 66 (9), 1339-1343 (2006).
  26. Wong, T. Y., Knudtson, M. D., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Meuer, S. M., Hubbard, L. D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: Methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 111 (6), 1183-1190 (2004).
  27. Sasongko, M. B., et al. Alterations in retinal microvascular geometry in young type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 33 (6), 1331-1336 (2010).
  28. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ophthalmology. 118 (5), 812-818 (2011).
  29. Mainster, M. a The fractal properties of retinal vessels: embryological and clinical implications. Eye. 4 ( Pt 1) (1), 235-241 (1990).
  30. Liew, G., et al. The Retinal Vasculature as a Fractal: Methodology, Reliability, and Relationship to Blood Pressure. Ophthalmology. 115 (11), (2008).
  31. Stosic, T., Stosic, B. D. Multifractal analysis of human retinal vessels. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 25 (8), 1101-1107 (2006).
  32. Zamir, M., Medeiros, J. A., Cunningham, T. K. &. a. m. p. ;. M., Zamir, J. A., Medeiros, T. K. C. Arterial bifurcations in the human retina. J. Gen. Physiol. 74 (4), 537-548 (1979).
  33. Mwanza, J. C., Oakley, J. D., Budenz, D. L., Chang, R. T., Knight, O. J., Feuer, W. J. Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer: Automated detection and thickness reproducibility with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography in glaucoma. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (11), 8323-8329 (2011).
  34. Bendschneider, D., et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normals measured by spectral domain OCT. J. Glaucoma. 19 (7), 475-482 (2010).
  35. Cheung, C. Y., Ong, Y. T., Ikram, M. K., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y. Retinal Microvasculature in Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 42 (s4), S339-S352 (2014).
  36. Murray, C. D. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM WORK APPLIED TO THE ANGLE OF BRANCHING OF ARTERIES. J. Gen. Physiol. (4), 835-841 (1926).
  37. Ding, J., et al. Early retinal arteriolar changes and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 35 (5), 1098-1104 (2012).
  38. Yim, C., et al. Retinal Ganglion Cell Analysis Using High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Retin. Ganglion Cell Anal. MCI AD. 45 (1), 45-56 (2015).
  39. Stein, D. M., Wollstein, G., Ishikawa, H., Hertzmark, E., Noecker, R. J., Schuman, J. S. Effect of Corneal Drying on Optical Coherence Tomography. Ophthalmology. 113 (6), 985-991 (2006).
  40. Mwanza, J. C., et al. Effect of Cataract and its Removal on Signal Strength and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements. J. Glaucoma. 20 (1), 37-43 (2011).
  41. Garcia-Martin, E., et al. Influence of cataract surgery on optical coherence tomography and neurophysiology measurements in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 156 (2), (2013).
  42. Kok, P. H. B., et al. The relationship between the optical density of cataract and its influence on retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Acta Ophthalmol. , (2012).
  43. Kim, N. R., et al. Influence of cataract on time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer measurements. J. Glaucoma. 21 (2), 116-122 (2012).
  44. Hwang, Y. H., Kim, Y. Y. Effect of Peripapillary Vitreous Opacity on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurement Using Optical Coherence Tomography. Arch. Ophthalmol. 130 (6), 789-792 (2012).
  45. Schwartz, S. G., Flynn, H. W., Fisher, Y. L. "Floater scotoma" demonstrated on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and caused by vitreous opacification. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retina. 44 (4), 415-418 (2013).
  46. Frost, S., et al. Retinal vascular biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease. Transl. Psychiatry. 3 (2), e233 (2013).
  47. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), 135-142 (2014).
  48. DeJong, F. J., et al. Retinal vascular caliber and risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 76 (9), 816-821 (2011).
  49. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Quantitative and qualitative retinal microvascular characteristics and blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 29 (7), 1380-1391 (2011).
  50. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Retinal vascular fractal dimension and its relationship with cardiovascular and ocular risk factors. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 154 (4), 663-674 (2012).
  51. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ophthalmology. 118 (5), 812-818 (2011).
  52. Grinton, M. E., et al. The association between retinal vessel morphology and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in an elderly population. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging. 43 (6 Suppl), S61-S66 (2012).
  53. Hughes, A. D., et al. Quantification of topological changes in retinal vascular architecture in essential and malignant hypertension. J. Hypertens. 24 (5), 889-894 (2006).
  54. Hughes, A. D., et al. Determinants of retinal microvascular architecture in normal subjects. Microcirculation. 16 (2), 159-166 (2009).
  55. Lau, Q. P., Lee, M. L., Hsu, W., Wong, T. Y. The Singapore Eye Vessel Assessment System. Image Anal. Model. Ophthalmol. , 143-160 (2014).
  56. Thomas, G. N., et al. Measurement of Macular Fractal Dimension Using a Computer-Assisted Program. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 55 (4), 2237 (2014).
  57. Murray, C. D. The physiological principle of minimal work. I. The vascular system and the cost of blood volume. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 12, 207-214 (1926).
  58. Cheung, C., Chen, C., Wong, T. Ocular Fundus Photography as a Tool to Study Stroke and Dementia. Semin. Neurol. 35 (5), 481-490 (2015).
  59. Williams, M. A., et al. Retinal microvascular network attenuation in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit. 1 (2), 229-235 (2015).
  60. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Retinal Vascular Fractal Dimension Is Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 23 (1), 43-50 (2014).
  61. Hammes, H. P., et al. Diabetic retinopathy: targeting vasoregression. Diabetes. 60 (1), 9-16 (2011).
  62. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), 135-142 (2014).
  63. Frame, M. D., Sarelius, I. H. Arteriolar bifurcation angles vary with position and when flow is changed. Microvasc Res. 46 (2), 190-205 (1993).
  64. Djonov, V., Baum, O., Burri, P. H. Vascular remodeling by intussusceptive angiogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 314 (1), 107-117 (2003).
  65. Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H. Basal EDRF activity helps to keep the geometrical configuration of arterial bifurcations close to the Murray optimum. J. Theor. Biol. 146 (4), 545-573 (1990).
  66. Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H., Randall, M. D. Blood flow and optimal vascular topography: role of the endothelium. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86 Suppl 2, 89-96 (1991).
  67. Chapman, N., Haimes, G., Stanton, A. V., Thom, S. A. M., Hughes, A. D. Acute effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on retinal vascular network geometry in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Clin. Sci. 99 (6), 483-488 (2000).
  68. Heringa, S. M., Bouvy, W. H., van denBerg, E., Moll, A. C., Jaap Kappelle, L., Jan Biessels, G. Associations between retinal microvascular changes and dementia, cognitive functioning, and brain imaging abnormalities: a systematic review. J. Cereb. blood flow Metab. 33 (7), 983-995 (2013).
  69. Ding, J., et al. Diabetic retinopathy and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: The Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study. Diabetes. 59 (11), 2883-2889 (2010).
  70. Parisi, V., Restuccia, R., Fattapposta, F., Mina, C., Bucci, M. G., Pierelli, F. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112 (10), 1860-1867 (2001).
  71. Paquet, C., Boissonnot, M., Roger, F., Dighiero, P., Gil, R., Hugon, J. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 420 (2), 97-99 (2007).
  72. Moschos, M. M., et al. Structural and functional impairment of the retina and optic nerve in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 9 (7), 782-788 (2012).
  73. Lu, Y., et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neurosci. Lett. 480 (1), 69-72 (2010).
  74. Kesler, A., Vakhapova, V., Korczyn, A. D., Naftaliev, E., Neudorfer, M. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 113 (7), 523-526 (2011).
  75. Ascaso, F. J., et al. Retinal alterations in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: An optical coherence tomography study. J. Neurol. 261 (8), 1522-1530 (2014).
  76. Berisha, F., Feke, G. T., Trempe, C. L., McMeel, J. W., Schepens, C. L. Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (5), 2285-2289 (2007).
  77. Iseri, P. K., Altinaş, O., Tokay, T., Yüksel, N. Relationship between Cognitive Impairment and Retinal Morphological and Visual Functional Abnormalities in Alzheimer Disease. J. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 26 (1), 18-24 (2006).
  78. Garcia-Martin, E. S., et al. Macular thickness as a potential biomarker of mild Alzheimer’s disease. Ophthalmology. 121 (5), 1149-1151 (2014).
  79. Ko, F., et al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning Associated With Poor Cognitive Function Among A Large Cohort, The Uk Biobank. Alzheimer’s Dement. 12 (7), P317-P318 (2016).
  80. Moreno-Ramos, T., Benito-Leon, J., Villarejo, A., Bermejo-Pareja, F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 34 (3), 659-664 (2013).
  81. Moschos, M. M., et al. Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 21 (1), 24-29 (2011).
  82. Garcia-Martin, E., et al. Ability and reproducibility of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy in Parkinson’s disease. Ophthalmology. 119 (10), 2161-2167 (2012).
  83. Yip, W., et al. Comparison of Common Retinal Vessel Caliber Measurement Software and a Conversion Algorithm. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 5 (5), 11 (2016).
  84. Gorelick, P. B., et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 42 (9), 2672-2713 (2011).
  85. Brown, W. R., Thore, C. R. Review: Cerebral microvascular pathology in ageing and neurodegeneration. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 37 (1), 56-74 (2011).
  86. DeSilva, T. M., Faraci, F. M. Microvascular Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 36 (2), 241-258 (2016).
  87. Kalaria, R. N., Akinyemi, R., Ihara, M. Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes?. J. Neurol. Sci. 322 (1-2), 141-147 (2012).
  88. Kling, M. A., Trojanowski, J. Q., Wolk, D. A., Lee, V. M. Y., Arnold, S. E. Vascular disease and dementias: paradigm shifts to drive research in new directions. Alzheimers. Dement. 9 (1), 76-92 (2013).
  89. O’Brien, J. T., et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2 (2), 89-98 (2003).
  90. Chen, C., et al. Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease: current status in the Asia-Pacific region. J. Intern. Med. 280 (4), 359-374 (2016).
  91. Pérez, M. A., Bruce, B. B., Newman, N. J., Biousse, V. The use of retinal photography in nonophthalmic settings and its potential for neurology. Neurologist. 18 (6), 350-355 (2012).
  92. Boppart, S. A. Optical coherence tomography: Technology and applications for neuroimaging. Psychophysiology. 40 (4), 529-541 (2003).
  93. Hee, M. R., et al. Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113 (3), 325-332 (1995).
  94. Huang, D., et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science (80-.). 254 (5035), 1178-1181 (1991).
  95. vanVelthoven, M. E. J., Verbraak, F. D., Yannuzzi, L., Rosen, R. B., Podoleanu, A. G. H., deSmet, M. D. Imaging the retina by en face optical coherence tomography. Retina. 26 (2), 129-136 (2006).
  96. Costa, R. A., et al. Retinal assessment using optical coherence tomography. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25 (3), 325-353 (2006).
  97. DeBuc, D. C., Somfai, G. M., Ranganathan, S., Tátrai, E., Ferencz, M., Puliafito, C. A. Reliability and reproducibility of macular segmentation using a custom-built optical coherence tomography retinal image analysis software. J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (6), 64023 (2009).
  98. Budenz, D. L., et al. Determinants of Normal Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measured by Stratus OCT. Ophthalmology. 114 (6), 1046-1052 (2007).
  99. Leung, C. K. S., et al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: A Prospective Analysis of Age-Related Loss. Ophthalmology. 119 (4), 731-737 (2012).
  100. Cettomai, D., et al. Reproducibility of optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 65 (9), 1218-1222 (2008).
  101. Garcia-Martin, E., Pinilla, I., Idoipe, M., Fuertes, I., Pueyo, V. Intra and interoperator reproducibility of retinal nerve fibre and macular thickness measurements using Cirrus Fourier-domain OCT. Acta Ophthalmol. 89 (1), (2011).
  102. Garcia-Martin, E., Pueyo, V., Pinilla, I., Ara, J. R., Martin, J., Fernandez, J. Fourier-domain OCT in multiple sclerosis patients: reproducibility and ability to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (7), 4124-4131 (2011).
  103. Menke, M. N., Knecht, P., Sturm, V., Dabov, S., Funk, J. Reproducibility of nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using 3D fourier-domain OCT. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (12), 5386-5391 (2008).
  104. Mwanza, J. C., et al. Reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters measured with cirrus HD-OCT in glaucomatous eyes. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (11), 5724-5730 (2010).
  105. Syc, S. B., et al. Reproducibility of high-resolution optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16 (7), 829-839 (2010).
  106. Ikram, M. K., Cheung, C. Y., Wong, T. Y., Chen, C. P. L. H. Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 83 (9), 917-922 (2012).
  107. MacGillivray, T. J., Trucco, E., Cameron, J. R., Dhillon, B., Houston, J. G., vanBeek, E. J. R. Retinal imaging as a source of biomarkers for diagnosis, characterization and prognosis of chronic illness or long-term conditions. Br. J. Radiol. 87 (1040), 20130832 (2014).
  108. Patton, N., et al. Retinal image analysis: Concepts, applications and potential. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25 (1), 99-127 (2006).
  109. McGrory, S., et al. The application of retinal fundus camera imaging in dementia: A systematic review. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit. 6, 91-107 (2017).
  110. Wong, T. Y., Knudtson, M. D., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Meuer, S. M., Hubbard, L. D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 111 (6), 1183-1190 (2004).
  111. Hardin, J. S., Taibbi, G., Nelson, S. C., Chao, D., Vizzeri, G. Factors Affecting Cirrus-HD OCT Optic Disc Scan Quality: A Review with Case Examples. J. Ophthalmol. 2015, 1-16 (2015).
  112. Kim, N. R., et al. Influence of Cataract on Time Domain and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements. J. Glaucoma. 1, (2010).
  113. Li, H., et al. Lens opacity and refractive influences on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Acta Ophthalmol. 88 (6), e234-e240 (2010).
  114. Maberley, D., Morris, A., Hay, D., Chang, A., Hall, L., Mandava, N. A comparison of digital retinal image quality among photographers with different levels of training using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 11 (3), 191-197 (2004).
  115. Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Taylor, B., Wong, T. Y., Mitchell, P. Ethnic variability in retinal vessel caliber: A potential source of measurement error from ocular pigmentation?-The Sydney childhood eye study. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (4), 1362-1366 (2008).
  116. Wainwright, A., et al. Effect of image quality, color, and format on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (11), 5525-5529 (2010).
  117. Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular manifestations of metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17 (7), 262-268 (2006).
  118. Ding, J., et al. Retinal vascular caliber and the development of hypertension: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. J. Hypertens. 32 (2), 207-215 (2014).
  119. Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular changes and diabetic retinopathy. Curr. Diab. Rep. 9 (4), 277-283 (2009).
  120. Leung, C. K. S., Ye, C., Weinreb, R. N., Yu, M., Lai, G., Lam, D. S. Impact of Age-related Change of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Macular Thicknesses on Evaluation of Glaucoma Progression. Ophthalmology. 120 (12), 2485-2492 (2013).
  121. Sherry, L. M., et al. Reliability of computer-assisted retinal vessel measurement in a population. Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 30 (3), 179-182 (2002).
  122. Wardlaw, J. M., et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 12 (8), 822-838 (2013).
  123. Patton, N., Aslam, T., MacGillivray, T., Pattie, A., Deary, I. J., Dhillon, B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: A rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J. Anat. 206 (4), 319-348 (2005).
  124. Ferri, C. P., et al. Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 366 (9503), 2112-2117 (2005).
  125. Sahadevan, S., et al. Ethnic differences in Singapore’s dementia prevalence: The stroke, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and dementia in Singapore study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56 (11), 2061-2068 (2008).
  126. Kernt, M., et al. Assessment of diabetic retinopathy using nonmydriatic ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Optomap) compared with ETDRS 7-field stereo photography. Diabetes Care. 35 (12), 2459-2463 (2012).
  127. Manivannan, A., Plskova, J., Farrow, A., Mckay, S., Sharp, P. F., Forrester, J. V. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (3), 525-527 (2005).
  128. Pellegrini, E., et al. Blood vessel segmentation and width estimation in ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express. 5 (12), 4329 (2014).
  129. Estrada, R., Tomasi, C., Schmidler, S. C., Farsiu, S. Tree topology estimation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37 (8), 1688-1701 (2015).

Tags

Keywords: Retinal ImagingDementiaAlzheimer’s DiseaseBiomarkersVascular ChangesNeuronal ChangesFundus CameraPupil DilationImage CaptureOptic DiscRetinaComputer-assisted Analysis
check_url/pt/56137?article_type=t

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Citar este artigo
Chan, V. T., Tso, T. H., Tang, F., Tham, C., Mok, V., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y., Cheung, C. Y. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia. J. Vis. Exp. (129), e56137, doi:10.3791/56137 (2017).
Baixar citação
Reimpressões e Permissões

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image