JoVE Journal > Medicine
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Resultados
Discussion
Declarações
Acknowledgements
Materials
Referências
Tadução automática
Please note that all translations are automatically generated. Click here for the English version.
Medicina

Demans çalışması için retina Imaging'i kullanma

Published: November 06, 2017
doi:
10.3791/56137
, , , , , , ,
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Medicine & Therapeutics,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Memory Aging and Cognition Centre,National University Health System, 6Department of Pharmacology,National University of Singapore, 7Singapore Eye Research Institute,Singapore National Eye Centre, 8Duke-NUS Medical School,National University of Singapore

Summary

Retina önemli benzerlikler beyinle paylaşır ve böylece damarlara ve beyinde nöronal yapısında olmayan invaziv çalışmaya benzersiz bir pencereyi temsil eder. Bu iletişim kuralı demans retina görüntüleme teknikleri kullanarak çalışma yöntemi açıklanır. Bu yöntem potansiyel olarak demans tanı ve risk değerlendirmesine yardımcı olabilir.

Abstract

Bir “pencere” demans beynin, patofizyolojik süreçlerin çalışma merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) bir uzantısıdır ve beyin embriyoda kökenli, anatomik özellikler açısından önemli benzerlikler paylaşır gibi benzersiz retina sunar ve fizyolojik özellikleri.  Retinanın vasküler ve nöronal yapısında-ebilmek şimdi var olmak kolayca görüntülenmeyecektir ve non-invaziv kullanma retina görüntüleme teknikleri, fundus fotoğraf ve optik Koherens tomografi (OCT) de dahil olmak üzere ve yarı otomatik olarak kullanarak sayısal bilgisayar destekli analiz programları. Retinanın vasküler ve nöronal değişimler ve demans arasındaki ilişkilendirmeleri okuyor demans anlayışımızı geliştirmek ve, büyük olasılıkla, tanı ve risk değerlendirme yardım.  Bu iletişim kuralı miktarının ve retina damarlara ve nöronal yapısı, potansiyel olarak demans ile ilişkili olan analiz yöntemi açıklamak amaçlamaktadır. Bu iletişim kuralı da demans ile retina değişiklikleri bireylerde örnekleri sağlar ve teknik konular ve retina görüntüleme mevcut kısıtlamaları anlatılmaktadır.

Introduction

Yaşam Beklentisi artış, sayesinde demans için önemli sosyal katkı bir önemli sağlık sorunu haline gelmiştir ve ekonomik sağlık yük genel olarak1,2,3,4,5. Bugün, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri bir kişi Alzheimer hastalığı (Ah), demans, her 66 s6en sık görülen geliştirir. 2050 yılına kadar reklam7tarafından 115 milyon kişinin etkileneceğini tahmin ediyor.

Retina “demans beyin ile benzer anatomik ve fizyolojik özellikleri nedeniyle çalışma için benzersiz bir pencere” sunmaktadır. Damarlara, retina arteriyoller ve venüller, 100 ila 300 µm çapı, ölçme açısından benzer özellikler son arteriyoller olmadan anastomoses, bariyer fonksiyonu ve auto-yönetmelik8, gibi beyin küçük gemiler ile paylaşmak 9. nöronal yapısı açısından, retina ganglionic hücreleri (RGCs) ile merkezi sinir sistemi (MSS) 10 nöronlarda tipik özellikleri paylaşır. Optik sinir ve proje görsel gelen sinyalleri retina yanal geniculate çekirdek ve üstün olacaklar için biçimi olarak RGCs belirgin beyin ile bağlanır. Optik sinir, MSS, birçok nöronal lifler için benzer oligodendrocytes tarafından myelinated ve meninjeal katmanlar halinde ensheathed. Özellikle, optik sinir bir hakaret neden olabilir gibi diğer CNS aksonlar gözlenen benzer yanıtlarında sahiptir ve akson, yara oluşumu, miyelin imha, ikincil dejenerasyon ve Nörotrofik anormal bir düzeyde anterograd dejenerasyonu faktörler nörotransmitter11,12,13,ve14. Bazı reklam hastalarda görsel belirtiler görünümünü Ayrıca retina ve beyin15,16arasında sağlam dernekler tarafından açıklanabilir. Sonuç olarak, retina demans beynin patolojik süreçlerin yansıtabilir ve demans çalışması için retina görüntüleme kullanılabilir sürülmüştür.

Retina damarlara ve nöronal yapıyı şimdi non-invaziv retina görüntüleme teknikleri kullanarak görüntülenmeyecektir. Örneğin, retina fundus fotoğrafları fundus kameraları kullanılarak yakalanabilir ve retina damarlara (Örneğin, gemi kalibre, tortuosity ve fraktal boyut) özelliklerini sonra bilgisayar destekli analiz kullanarak sayısal programlar. Buna ek olarak, retina nöronal yapısı (örneğin, ganglion hücre-iç Pleksiform tabaka [GC-IPL] ve retina Sinir lifi tabakası [RNFL] kalınlığı) optik Koherens tomografi (OCT) kullanarak da ölçülebilir ve parametrelerini kullanarak yerleşik sayısal analiz algoritmaları.

Önemini demans eğitimi için retina görüntüleme görünümünde görüntüleme ve retina damarlara ve nöronal yapısı içinde vivo retina görüntüleme teknikleri kullanarak analiz yöntemi açıklamak için bu protokolü amaçlamaktadır. Bu iletişim kuralı da demans ile retina değişiklikleri bireylerde örnekleri sağlar ve teknik konular ve retina görüntüleme mevcut kısıtlamaları anlatılmaktadır.

Protocol

Tüm yöntem tanımlamak burada: Hong Kong bir yerel klinik araştırmalar Etik Komitesi tarafından onaylanmış olan. Not: kolaylık sağlamak için Tablo reçetesi listelenen ekipman retina görüntüleme ve daha sonraki analiz prosedürleri göstermek için kullanılır. Retinal vasküler parametrelerinin ölçüm Singapur I gemi değerlendirme programı (ŞİVA) 17 (sürüm 4.0, ulusal Singapur Üniversitesi, Singapur) kullanarak gösterilmişti…

Representative Results

Şekil 10: Retina damarlara normal bir konu ve bir reklam konu arasındaki farkları göstermek için bir örnek. Normal konu ile karşılaştırıldığında, daha dar gemi kalibre (CRAE, bölge B, 116.4 µm vs 156.4 µm; reklam konu fundus fotoğrafı gösterdi Bölge B, 186.9 µm µm vs 207.5 CRVE; Bölge C, 138.5 µm vs 165.8 …

Discussion

Bu iletişim kuralı retina vivo içindenöronal ve vasküler değişiklikler miktarının yordamlar açıklanır. Retina benzer embriyoda kökenleri, anatomik özellikleri ve fizyolojik özellikleri ile beyin hisse olarak bu retina değişiklikleri damarlara ve beyinde nöronal yapısı benzer değişiklikleri yansıtabilir.

Şekil 10 ve Tablo 1‘ de gösterildiği gibi AD konu zaman sağlıklı konuya göre azalan gemi kalibre gösterdi….

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Potansiyel mali bağları ile ilgili yazar Tien Y. Wong Bu makalede kullanılan Singapur I gemi değerlendirme (ŞİVA) programı eş mucidi olduğunu.

Materials

Non-mydriatic Retinal Camera  Topcon, Inc, Tokyo, Japan TRC 50DX  N/A
Singapore I Vessel Assessment Program National University of Singapore Version 4.0 N/A
CIRRUS HD-OCT  Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA Model 4000 N/A
Mydriatic Agents  N/A N/A Prepared from 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Referências

  1. Alzheimer’s Disease International. The prevalence of dementia worldwide. Alzheimer’s Dis. Int. (December), 1-2 (2008).
  2. Wimo, A., Winblad, B., &Jönsson, L. The worldwide societal costs of dementia: Estimates for 2009. Alzheimer’s Dement. 6 (2), 98-103 (2010).
  3. Comas-Herrera, A., Northey, S., Wittenberg, R., Knapp, M., Bhattacharyya, S., Burns, A. Future costs of dementia-related long-term care: exploring future scenarios. Int. Psychogeriatr. 23 (1), 20-30 (2011).
  4. Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), e47-e92 (2014).
  5. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W., Ferri, C. P. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers. Dement. 9 (1), 63-75 (2013).
  6. Alzheimer’s Association. 2016 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 12 (4), 459-509 (2016).
  7. Asih, P. R., Chatterjee, P., Verdile, G., Gupta, V. B., Trengove, R. D., Martins, R. N. Clearing the amyloid in Alzheimer’s: progress towards earlier diagnosis and effective treatments – an update for clinicians. Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 4 (5), 363-378 (2014).
  8. Cheung, C. Y., Ikram, M. K., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y. Imaging retina to study dementia and stroke. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. , (2017).
  9. Patton, N., Aslam, T., Macgillivray, T., Pattie, A., Deary, I. J., Dhillon, B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J. Anat. 206 (4), 319-348 (2005).
  10. London, A., Benhar, I., Schwartz, M. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9 (1), 44-53 (2013).
  11. Crowe, M. J., Bresnahan, J. C., Shuman, S. L., Masters, J. N., Beattie, M. S. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys. Nat Med. 3 (1), 73-76 (1997).
  12. Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Quigley, H. A., Kerrigan-Baumrind, L. A., D’Anna, S. A., Kerrigan, D., Pease, M. E. Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (5), 975-982 (2001).
  13. Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Quigley, H. A., Martin, K. R., Zack, D. J., Pease, M. E., Valenta, D. F. A model to study differences between primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rats by partial optic nerve transection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44 (8), 3388-3393 (2003).
  14. Yoles, E., Schwartz, M. Degeneration of spared axons following partial white matter lesion: implications for optic nerve neuropathies. Exp Neurol. 153 (1), 1-7 (1998).
  15. Sadun, A. A., Borchert, M., DeVita, E., Hinton, D. R., Bassi, C. J. Assessment of Visual Impairment in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 104 (2), 113-120 (1987).
  16. Schlotterer, G., Moscovitch, M., Crapper-Mclachlan, D. Visual processing deficits as assessed by spatial frequency contrast sensitivity and backward masking in normal ageing and alzheimer’s. Brain. 107 (1), 309-324 (1984).
  17. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. A new method to measure peripheral retinal vascular caliber over an extended area. Microcirculation. 17 (7), 495-503 (2010).
  18. Knudtson, M. D., Lee, K. E., Hubbard, L. D., Wong, T. Y., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters. Curr. Eye Res. 27 (3), 143-149 (2003).
  19. Hubbard, L. D., et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology. 106 (12), 2269-2280 (1999).
  20. Patton, N., et al. The association between retinal vascular network geometry and cognitive ability in an elderly population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (5), 1995-2000 (2007).
  21. VanHecke, M. V., et al. Are retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with large artery endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickness? The Hoorn Study. Clin. Sci. London Engl. 110 (5), 597-604 (2006).
  22. Tien, Y. W., et al. Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (6), 2341-2350 (2006).
  23. Leung, H., et al. Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (7), 2900-2904 (2003).
  24. Wong, T. Y., et al. The prevalence and risk factors of retinal microvascular abnormalities in older persons: The cardiovascular health study. Ophthalmology. 110 (4), 658-666 (2003).
  25. Ikram, M. K., et al. Retinal vessel diameters and risk of stroke: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 66 (9), 1339-1343 (2006).
  26. Wong, T. Y., Knudtson, M. D., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Meuer, S. M., Hubbard, L. D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: Methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 111 (6), 1183-1190 (2004).
  27. Sasongko, M. B., et al. Alterations in retinal microvascular geometry in young type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 33 (6), 1331-1336 (2010).
  28. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ophthalmology. 118 (5), 812-818 (2011).
  29. Mainster, M. a The fractal properties of retinal vessels: embryological and clinical implications. Eye. 4 ( Pt 1) (1), 235-241 (1990).
  30. Liew, G., et al. The Retinal Vasculature as a Fractal: Methodology, Reliability, and Relationship to Blood Pressure. Ophthalmology. 115 (11), (2008).
  31. Stosic, T., Stosic, B. D. Multifractal analysis of human retinal vessels. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 25 (8), 1101-1107 (2006).
  32. Zamir, M., Medeiros, J. A., Cunningham, T. K. &. a. m. p. ;. M., Zamir, J. A., Medeiros, T. K. C. Arterial bifurcations in the human retina. J. Gen. Physiol. 74 (4), 537-548 (1979).
  33. Mwanza, J. C., Oakley, J. D., Budenz, D. L., Chang, R. T., Knight, O. J., Feuer, W. J. Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer: Automated detection and thickness reproducibility with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography in glaucoma. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (11), 8323-8329 (2011).
  34. Bendschneider, D., et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normals measured by spectral domain OCT. J. Glaucoma. 19 (7), 475-482 (2010).
  35. Cheung, C. Y., Ong, Y. T., Ikram, M. K., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y. Retinal Microvasculature in Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 42 (s4), S339-S352 (2014).
  36. Murray, C. D. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM WORK APPLIED TO THE ANGLE OF BRANCHING OF ARTERIES. J. Gen. Physiol. (4), 835-841 (1926).
  37. Ding, J., et al. Early retinal arteriolar changes and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 35 (5), 1098-1104 (2012).
  38. Yim, C., et al. Retinal Ganglion Cell Analysis Using High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Retin. Ganglion Cell Anal. MCI AD. 45 (1), 45-56 (2015).
  39. Stein, D. M., Wollstein, G., Ishikawa, H., Hertzmark, E., Noecker, R. J., Schuman, J. S. Effect of Corneal Drying on Optical Coherence Tomography. Ophthalmology. 113 (6), 985-991 (2006).
  40. Mwanza, J. C., et al. Effect of Cataract and its Removal on Signal Strength and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements. J. Glaucoma. 20 (1), 37-43 (2011).
  41. Garcia-Martin, E., et al. Influence of cataract surgery on optical coherence tomography and neurophysiology measurements in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 156 (2), (2013).
  42. Kok, P. H. B., et al. The relationship between the optical density of cataract and its influence on retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Acta Ophthalmol. , (2012).
  43. Kim, N. R., et al. Influence of cataract on time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer measurements. J. Glaucoma. 21 (2), 116-122 (2012).
  44. Hwang, Y. H., Kim, Y. Y. Effect of Peripapillary Vitreous Opacity on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurement Using Optical Coherence Tomography. Arch. Ophthalmol. 130 (6), 789-792 (2012).
  45. Schwartz, S. G., Flynn, H. W., Fisher, Y. L. "Floater scotoma" demonstrated on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and caused by vitreous opacification. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retina. 44 (4), 415-418 (2013).
  46. Frost, S., et al. Retinal vascular biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease. Transl. Psychiatry. 3 (2), e233 (2013).
  47. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), 135-142 (2014).
  48. DeJong, F. J., et al. Retinal vascular caliber and risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 76 (9), 816-821 (2011).
  49. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Quantitative and qualitative retinal microvascular characteristics and blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 29 (7), 1380-1391 (2011).
  50. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Retinal vascular fractal dimension and its relationship with cardiovascular and ocular risk factors. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 154 (4), 663-674 (2012).
  51. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ophthalmology. 118 (5), 812-818 (2011).
  52. Grinton, M. E., et al. The association between retinal vessel morphology and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in an elderly population. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging. 43 (6 Suppl), S61-S66 (2012).
  53. Hughes, A. D., et al. Quantification of topological changes in retinal vascular architecture in essential and malignant hypertension. J. Hypertens. 24 (5), 889-894 (2006).
  54. Hughes, A. D., et al. Determinants of retinal microvascular architecture in normal subjects. Microcirculation. 16 (2), 159-166 (2009).
  55. Lau, Q. P., Lee, M. L., Hsu, W., Wong, T. Y. The Singapore Eye Vessel Assessment System. Image Anal. Model. Ophthalmol. , 143-160 (2014).
  56. Thomas, G. N., et al. Measurement of Macular Fractal Dimension Using a Computer-Assisted Program. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 55 (4), 2237 (2014).
  57. Murray, C. D. The physiological principle of minimal work. I. The vascular system and the cost of blood volume. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 12, 207-214 (1926).
  58. Cheung, C., Chen, C., Wong, T. Ocular Fundus Photography as a Tool to Study Stroke and Dementia. Semin. Neurol. 35 (5), 481-490 (2015).
  59. Williams, M. A., et al. Retinal microvascular network attenuation in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit. 1 (2), 229-235 (2015).
  60. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Retinal Vascular Fractal Dimension Is Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 23 (1), 43-50 (2014).
  61. Hammes, H. P., et al. Diabetic retinopathy: targeting vasoregression. Diabetes. 60 (1), 9-16 (2011).
  62. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), 135-142 (2014).
  63. Frame, M. D., Sarelius, I. H. Arteriolar bifurcation angles vary with position and when flow is changed. Microvasc Res. 46 (2), 190-205 (1993).
  64. Djonov, V., Baum, O., Burri, P. H. Vascular remodeling by intussusceptive angiogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 314 (1), 107-117 (2003).
  65. Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H. Basal EDRF activity helps to keep the geometrical configuration of arterial bifurcations close to the Murray optimum. J. Theor. Biol. 146 (4), 545-573 (1990).
  66. Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H., Randall, M. D. Blood flow and optimal vascular topography: role of the endothelium. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86 Suppl 2, 89-96 (1991).
  67. Chapman, N., Haimes, G., Stanton, A. V., Thom, S. A. M., Hughes, A. D. Acute effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on retinal vascular network geometry in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Clin. Sci. 99 (6), 483-488 (2000).
  68. Heringa, S. M., Bouvy, W. H., van denBerg, E., Moll, A. C., Jaap Kappelle, L., Jan Biessels, G. Associations between retinal microvascular changes and dementia, cognitive functioning, and brain imaging abnormalities: a systematic review. J. Cereb. blood flow Metab. 33 (7), 983-995 (2013).
  69. Ding, J., et al. Diabetic retinopathy and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: The Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study. Diabetes. 59 (11), 2883-2889 (2010).
  70. Parisi, V., Restuccia, R., Fattapposta, F., Mina, C., Bucci, M. G., Pierelli, F. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112 (10), 1860-1867 (2001).
  71. Paquet, C., Boissonnot, M., Roger, F., Dighiero, P., Gil, R., Hugon, J. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 420 (2), 97-99 (2007).
  72. Moschos, M. M., et al. Structural and functional impairment of the retina and optic nerve in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 9 (7), 782-788 (2012).
  73. Lu, Y., et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neurosci. Lett. 480 (1), 69-72 (2010).
  74. Kesler, A., Vakhapova, V., Korczyn, A. D., Naftaliev, E., Neudorfer, M. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 113 (7), 523-526 (2011).
  75. Ascaso, F. J., et al. Retinal alterations in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: An optical coherence tomography study. J. Neurol. 261 (8), 1522-1530 (2014).
  76. Berisha, F., Feke, G. T., Trempe, C. L., McMeel, J. W., Schepens, C. L. Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (5), 2285-2289 (2007).
  77. Iseri, P. K., Altinaş, O., Tokay, T., Yüksel, N. Relationship between Cognitive Impairment and Retinal Morphological and Visual Functional Abnormalities in Alzheimer Disease. J. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 26 (1), 18-24 (2006).
  78. Garcia-Martin, E. S., et al. Macular thickness as a potential biomarker of mild Alzheimer’s disease. Ophthalmology. 121 (5), 1149-1151 (2014).
  79. Ko, F., et al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning Associated With Poor Cognitive Function Among A Large Cohort, The Uk Biobank. Alzheimer’s Dement. 12 (7), P317-P318 (2016).
  80. Moreno-Ramos, T., Benito-Leon, J., Villarejo, A., Bermejo-Pareja, F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 34 (3), 659-664 (2013).
  81. Moschos, M. M., et al. Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 21 (1), 24-29 (2011).
  82. Garcia-Martin, E., et al. Ability and reproducibility of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy in Parkinson’s disease. Ophthalmology. 119 (10), 2161-2167 (2012).
  83. Yip, W., et al. Comparison of Common Retinal Vessel Caliber Measurement Software and a Conversion Algorithm. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 5 (5), 11 (2016).
  84. Gorelick, P. B., et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 42 (9), 2672-2713 (2011).
  85. Brown, W. R., Thore, C. R. Review: Cerebral microvascular pathology in ageing and neurodegeneration. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 37 (1), 56-74 (2011).
  86. DeSilva, T. M., Faraci, F. M. Microvascular Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 36 (2), 241-258 (2016).
  87. Kalaria, R. N., Akinyemi, R., Ihara, M. Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes?. J. Neurol. Sci. 322 (1-2), 141-147 (2012).
  88. Kling, M. A., Trojanowski, J. Q., Wolk, D. A., Lee, V. M. Y., Arnold, S. E. Vascular disease and dementias: paradigm shifts to drive research in new directions. Alzheimers. Dement. 9 (1), 76-92 (2013).
  89. O’Brien, J. T., et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2 (2), 89-98 (2003).
  90. Chen, C., et al. Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease: current status in the Asia-Pacific region. J. Intern. Med. 280 (4), 359-374 (2016).
  91. Pérez, M. A., Bruce, B. B., Newman, N. J., Biousse, V. The use of retinal photography in nonophthalmic settings and its potential for neurology. Neurologist. 18 (6), 350-355 (2012).
  92. Boppart, S. A. Optical coherence tomography: Technology and applications for neuroimaging. Psychophysiology. 40 (4), 529-541 (2003).
  93. Hee, M. R., et al. Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113 (3), 325-332 (1995).
  94. Huang, D., et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science (80-.). 254 (5035), 1178-1181 (1991).
  95. vanVelthoven, M. E. J., Verbraak, F. D., Yannuzzi, L., Rosen, R. B., Podoleanu, A. G. H., deSmet, M. D. Imaging the retina by en face optical coherence tomography. Retina. 26 (2), 129-136 (2006).
  96. Costa, R. A., et al. Retinal assessment using optical coherence tomography. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25 (3), 325-353 (2006).
  97. DeBuc, D. C., Somfai, G. M., Ranganathan, S., Tátrai, E., Ferencz, M., Puliafito, C. A. Reliability and reproducibility of macular segmentation using a custom-built optical coherence tomography retinal image analysis software. J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (6), 64023 (2009).
  98. Budenz, D. L., et al. Determinants of Normal Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measured by Stratus OCT. Ophthalmology. 114 (6), 1046-1052 (2007).
  99. Leung, C. K. S., et al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: A Prospective Analysis of Age-Related Loss. Ophthalmology. 119 (4), 731-737 (2012).
  100. Cettomai, D., et al. Reproducibility of optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 65 (9), 1218-1222 (2008).
  101. Garcia-Martin, E., Pinilla, I., Idoipe, M., Fuertes, I., Pueyo, V. Intra and interoperator reproducibility of retinal nerve fibre and macular thickness measurements using Cirrus Fourier-domain OCT. Acta Ophthalmol. 89 (1), (2011).
  102. Garcia-Martin, E., Pueyo, V., Pinilla, I., Ara, J. R., Martin, J., Fernandez, J. Fourier-domain OCT in multiple sclerosis patients: reproducibility and ability to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (7), 4124-4131 (2011).
  103. Menke, M. N., Knecht, P., Sturm, V., Dabov, S., Funk, J. Reproducibility of nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using 3D fourier-domain OCT. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (12), 5386-5391 (2008).
  104. Mwanza, J. C., et al. Reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters measured with cirrus HD-OCT in glaucomatous eyes. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (11), 5724-5730 (2010).
  105. Syc, S. B., et al. Reproducibility of high-resolution optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16 (7), 829-839 (2010).
  106. Ikram, M. K., Cheung, C. Y., Wong, T. Y., Chen, C. P. L. H. Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 83 (9), 917-922 (2012).
  107. MacGillivray, T. J., Trucco, E., Cameron, J. R., Dhillon, B., Houston, J. G., vanBeek, E. J. R. Retinal imaging as a source of biomarkers for diagnosis, characterization and prognosis of chronic illness or long-term conditions. Br. J. Radiol. 87 (1040), 20130832 (2014).
  108. Patton, N., et al. Retinal image analysis: Concepts, applications and potential. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25 (1), 99-127 (2006).
  109. McGrory, S., et al. The application of retinal fundus camera imaging in dementia: A systematic review. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit. 6, 91-107 (2017).
  110. Wong, T. Y., Knudtson, M. D., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Meuer, S. M., Hubbard, L. D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 111 (6), 1183-1190 (2004).
  111. Hardin, J. S., Taibbi, G., Nelson, S. C., Chao, D., Vizzeri, G. Factors Affecting Cirrus-HD OCT Optic Disc Scan Quality: A Review with Case Examples. J. Ophthalmol. 2015, 1-16 (2015).
  112. Kim, N. R., et al. Influence of Cataract on Time Domain and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements. J. Glaucoma. 1, (2010).
  113. Li, H., et al. Lens opacity and refractive influences on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Acta Ophthalmol. 88 (6), e234-e240 (2010).
  114. Maberley, D., Morris, A., Hay, D., Chang, A., Hall, L., Mandava, N. A comparison of digital retinal image quality among photographers with different levels of training using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 11 (3), 191-197 (2004).
  115. Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Taylor, B., Wong, T. Y., Mitchell, P. Ethnic variability in retinal vessel caliber: A potential source of measurement error from ocular pigmentation?-The Sydney childhood eye study. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (4), 1362-1366 (2008).
  116. Wainwright, A., et al. Effect of image quality, color, and format on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (11), 5525-5529 (2010).
  117. Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular manifestations of metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17 (7), 262-268 (2006).
  118. Ding, J., et al. Retinal vascular caliber and the development of hypertension: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. J. Hypertens. 32 (2), 207-215 (2014).
  119. Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular changes and diabetic retinopathy. Curr. Diab. Rep. 9 (4), 277-283 (2009).
  120. Leung, C. K. S., Ye, C., Weinreb, R. N., Yu, M., Lai, G., Lam, D. S. Impact of Age-related Change of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Macular Thicknesses on Evaluation of Glaucoma Progression. Ophthalmology. 120 (12), 2485-2492 (2013).
  121. Sherry, L. M., et al. Reliability of computer-assisted retinal vessel measurement in a population. Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 30 (3), 179-182 (2002).
  122. Wardlaw, J. M., et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 12 (8), 822-838 (2013).
  123. Patton, N., Aslam, T., MacGillivray, T., Pattie, A., Deary, I. J., Dhillon, B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: A rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J. Anat. 206 (4), 319-348 (2005).
  124. Ferri, C. P., et al. Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 366 (9503), 2112-2117 (2005).
  125. Sahadevan, S., et al. Ethnic differences in Singapore’s dementia prevalence: The stroke, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and dementia in Singapore study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56 (11), 2061-2068 (2008).
  126. Kernt, M., et al. Assessment of diabetic retinopathy using nonmydriatic ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Optomap) compared with ETDRS 7-field stereo photography. Diabetes Care. 35 (12), 2459-2463 (2012).
  127. Manivannan, A., Plskova, J., Farrow, A., Mckay, S., Sharp, P. F., Forrester, J. V. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (3), 525-527 (2005).
  128. Pellegrini, E., et al. Blood vessel segmentation and width estimation in ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express. 5 (12), 4329 (2014).
  129. Estrada, R., Tomasi, C., Schmidler, S. C., Farsiu, S. Tree topology estimation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37 (8), 1688-1701 (2015).

Tags

Keywords: Retinal ImagingDementiaAlzheimer’s DiseaseBiomarkersVascular ChangesNeuronal ChangesFundus CameraPupil DilationImage CaptureOptic DiscRetinaComputer-assisted Analysis
check_url/pt/56137?article_type=t

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Citar este artigo
Chan, V. T., Tso, T. H., Tang, F., Tham, C., Mok, V., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y., Cheung, C. Y. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia. J. Vis. Exp. (129), e56137, doi:10.3791/56137 (2017).
Baixar citação
Reimpressões e Permissões

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image