JoVE Journal > Medicine
Summary
Abstract
Introduction
Protocol
Resultados
Discussion
Declarações
Acknowledgements
Materials
Referências
Tadução automática
Please note that all translations are automatically generated. Click here for the English version.
Medicina

Usando proyección de imagen retiniana para el estudio de la demencia

Published: November 06, 2017
doi:
10.3791/56137
, , , , , , ,
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2Department of Medicine & Therapeutics,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 3Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 4Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 5Memory Aging and Cognition Centre,National University Health System, 6Department of Pharmacology,National University of Singapore, 7Singapore Eye Research Institute,Singapore National Eye Centre, 8Duke-NUS Medical School,National University of Singapore

Summary

La retina comparte similitudes importantes con el cerebro y por lo tanto representa una ventana única para el estudio de vasculatura y estructura neuronal en el cerebro no invasiva. Este protocolo describe un método para estudiar la demencia con técnicas de imagen retinianas. Este método puede potencialmente ayudar en la evaluación diagnóstico y riesgo de demencia.

Abstract

La retina ofrece una única “ventana” para estudiar los procesos fisiopatológicos de la demencia en el cerebro, ya que es una extensión del sistema nervioso central (SNC) y comparte similitudes importantes con el cerebro en términos de origen embriológico, características anatómicas y propiedades fisiológicas.  La estructura vascular y neuronal en la retina pueden retina fácilmente visualizado y no invasiva utilizando técnicas de imagen, incluyendo la fotografía del fondo y tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y cuantificaron semiautomáticamente mediante programas de análisis asistido por computadora. Estudiar las asociaciones entre los cambios vasculares y neuronales en la retina y demencia podría mejorar nuestra comprensión de la demencia y, potencialmente, ayudar en la evaluación de diagnóstico y el riesgo.  Este protocolo pretende describir un método de cuantificación y análisis de la vasculatura retiniana y la estructura neuronal, que son potencialmente asociada con demencia. Este protocolo también proporciona ejemplos de cambios retinianos en sujetos con demencia y aborda cuestiones técnicas y limitaciones actuales de la proyección de imagen retiniana.

Introduction

Debido a los aumentos en esperanza de vida, la demencia se ha convertido en un problema médico mayor, contribuyendo a importante social y salud económica globalmente carga1,2,3,4,5. Hoy en día, una persona en los Estados Unidos desarrolla la enfermedad de Alzheimer (AD), la forma más común de demencia, cada 66 s6. Se ha estimado que en el año 2050, 115 millones de personas se verán afectadas por AD7.

La retina ofrece una única “ventana” para estudiar la demencia debido a sus propiedades anatómicas y fisiológicas similares con el cerebro. En cuanto a la vasculatura, las arteriolas retinianas y las vénulas, miden de 100 a 300 μm de diámetro, comparten características similares con vasos cerebrales, como las arteriolas final sin anastomosis, función de la barrera y autorregulación8, 9. en cuanto a la estructura neuronal, las células ganglionares retinianas (RGCs) comparten características típicas con neuronas en sistema nervioso central (SNC) 10. El RGCs prominente están conectados con el cerebro ya que forman el nervio óptico y el proyecto las señales visuales de la retina el núcleo geniculado lateral y el colículo superior. El nervio óptico, similar a muchas fibras neuronales en el SNC, es myelinated por oligodendrocitos y está incrustada en las capas meníngeas. En particular, un insulto al nervio óptico puede resultar en respuestas similares observadas en otros axones del CNS, tales como retrógrada y anterógrada la degeneración del axón, formación de la cicatriz, destrucción de la mielina, degeneración secundaria y un nivel anormal de neurotrophic factores y neurotransmisores11,12,13,14. La aparición de síntomas visuales en algunos pacientes con EA también puede explicarse por las asociaciones sólidas entre la retina y el cerebro15,16. Como resultado, se ha sugerido que la retina puede reflejar los procesos patológicos de la demencia en el cerebro y la proyección de imagen retiniana puede utilizarse para el estudio de la demencia.

La vasculatura retiniana y la estructura neuronal pueden ahora visualizar no invasiva utilizando técnicas de imagen retinianas. Por ejemplo, fotografías del fondo retiniano pueden ser capturados utilizando cámaras de fondo, y las características de la vasculatura retiniana (p. ej., buque calibre, tortuosidad y fractal dimensión) entonces pueden ser cuantificadas mediante el análisis asistido por computadora programas. Además, los parámetros de la estructura neuronal retiniano (tales como el espesor de la capa plexiforme interna células de ganglio [GC-IPL] y capa de fibra nerviosa retiniana [RNFL]) también pueden ser medidos con tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y cuantificaron usando el built-in algoritmos de análisis.

Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la imagen retiniana al estudio de la demencia, este protocolo pretende describir un método de proyección de imagen y análisis de la vasculatura retiniana y estructura neuronal en vivo mediante técnicas de imagen retinianas. Este protocolo también proporciona ejemplos de cambios retinianos en sujetos con demencia y aborda cuestiones técnicas y limitaciones actuales de la proyección de imagen retiniana.

Protocol

todos los métodos aquí descritos han sido aprobados por un Comité de ética de investigación clínica local en Hong Kong. Nota: por simplicidad, los equipos enumerados en la Tabla de materiales se utilizan para ilustrar los procedimientos de la proyección de imagen retiniana y posterior análisis. Medición de parámetros vasculares retinianos se ilustra usando Singapur I buque evaluación programa (SIVA) 17 (versión 4.0, Universidad Nacional d…

Representative Results

Figura 10: Un ejemplo para mostrar las diferencias en la vasculatura retiniana entre un sujeto normal y un tema AD. En comparación con el sujeto normal, fotografía de fondo de la materia AD mostraron calibres de vaso más estrechos (CRAE de la zona B, 116,4 μm vs 156.4 μm; CRVENI de zona B, 186.9 μm vs 207.5 μm; CRAE de zona C, 138,5…

Discussion

Este protocolo describe el procedimiento de cuantificación de cambios neuronales y vasculares en la retina en vivo. Como la retina comparte similares orígenes embriológicos, características anatómicas y propiedades fisiológicas con el cerebro, estos cambios retinianos pueden reflejar cambios similares de la vasculatura y estructura neuronal en el cerebro.

Como se muestra en la figura 10 y tabla 1, el tema del anuncio demostró calib…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Con respecto a posibles vínculos financieros, el autor Tien Y. Wong es un co-inventor del programa Singapur I buque evaluación (SIVA) en este artículo.

Materials

Non-mydriatic Retinal Camera  Topcon, Inc, Tokyo, Japan TRC 50DX  N/A
Singapore I Vessel Assessment Program National University of Singapore Version 4.0 N/A
CIRRUS HD-OCT  Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc, Dublin, CA Model 4000 N/A
Mydriatic Agents  N/A N/A Prepared from 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST

Referências

  1. Alzheimer’s Disease International. The prevalence of dementia worldwide. Alzheimer’s Dis. Int. (December), 1-2 (2008).
  2. Wimo, A., Winblad, B., &Jönsson, L. The worldwide societal costs of dementia: Estimates for 2009. Alzheimer’s Dement. 6 (2), 98-103 (2010).
  3. Comas-Herrera, A., Northey, S., Wittenberg, R., Knapp, M., Bhattacharyya, S., Burns, A. Future costs of dementia-related long-term care: exploring future scenarios. Int. Psychogeriatr. 23 (1), 20-30 (2011).
  4. Alzheimer’s Association. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), e47-e92 (2014).
  5. Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., Wimo, A., Ribeiro, W., Ferri, C. P. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers. Dement. 9 (1), 63-75 (2013).
  6. Alzheimer’s Association. 2016 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 12 (4), 459-509 (2016).
  7. Asih, P. R., Chatterjee, P., Verdile, G., Gupta, V. B., Trengove, R. D., Martins, R. N. Clearing the amyloid in Alzheimer’s: progress towards earlier diagnosis and effective treatments – an update for clinicians. Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 4 (5), 363-378 (2014).
  8. Cheung, C. Y., Ikram, M. K., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y. Imaging retina to study dementia and stroke. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. , (2017).
  9. Patton, N., Aslam, T., Macgillivray, T., Pattie, A., Deary, I. J., Dhillon, B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J. Anat. 206 (4), 319-348 (2005).
  10. London, A., Benhar, I., Schwartz, M. The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9 (1), 44-53 (2013).
  11. Crowe, M. J., Bresnahan, J. C., Shuman, S. L., Masters, J. N., Beattie, M. S. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys. Nat Med. 3 (1), 73-76 (1997).
  12. Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Quigley, H. A., Kerrigan-Baumrind, L. A., D’Anna, S. A., Kerrigan, D., Pease, M. E. Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42 (5), 975-982 (2001).
  13. Levkovitch-Verbin, H., Quigley, H. A., Martin, K. R., Zack, D. J., Pease, M. E., Valenta, D. F. A model to study differences between primary and secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in rats by partial optic nerve transection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44 (8), 3388-3393 (2003).
  14. Yoles, E., Schwartz, M. Degeneration of spared axons following partial white matter lesion: implications for optic nerve neuropathies. Exp Neurol. 153 (1), 1-7 (1998).
  15. Sadun, A. A., Borchert, M., DeVita, E., Hinton, D. R., Bassi, C. J. Assessment of Visual Impairment in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 104 (2), 113-120 (1987).
  16. Schlotterer, G., Moscovitch, M., Crapper-Mclachlan, D. Visual processing deficits as assessed by spatial frequency contrast sensitivity and backward masking in normal ageing and alzheimer’s. Brain. 107 (1), 309-324 (1984).
  17. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. A new method to measure peripheral retinal vascular caliber over an extended area. Microcirculation. 17 (7), 495-503 (2010).
  18. Knudtson, M. D., Lee, K. E., Hubbard, L. D., Wong, T. Y., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters. Curr. Eye Res. 27 (3), 143-149 (2003).
  19. Hubbard, L. D., et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology. 106 (12), 2269-2280 (1999).
  20. Patton, N., et al. The association between retinal vascular network geometry and cognitive ability in an elderly population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (5), 1995-2000 (2007).
  21. VanHecke, M. V., et al. Are retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with large artery endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickness? The Hoorn Study. Clin. Sci. London Engl. 110 (5), 597-604 (2006).
  22. Tien, Y. W., et al. Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors, and inflammation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47 (6), 2341-2350 (2006).
  23. Leung, H., et al. Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (7), 2900-2904 (2003).
  24. Wong, T. Y., et al. The prevalence and risk factors of retinal microvascular abnormalities in older persons: The cardiovascular health study. Ophthalmology. 110 (4), 658-666 (2003).
  25. Ikram, M. K., et al. Retinal vessel diameters and risk of stroke: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 66 (9), 1339-1343 (2006).
  26. Wong, T. Y., Knudtson, M. D., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Meuer, S. M., Hubbard, L. D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: Methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 111 (6), 1183-1190 (2004).
  27. Sasongko, M. B., et al. Alterations in retinal microvascular geometry in young type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 33 (6), 1331-1336 (2010).
  28. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ophthalmology. 118 (5), 812-818 (2011).
  29. Mainster, M. a The fractal properties of retinal vessels: embryological and clinical implications. Eye. 4 ( Pt 1) (1), 235-241 (1990).
  30. Liew, G., et al. The Retinal Vasculature as a Fractal: Methodology, Reliability, and Relationship to Blood Pressure. Ophthalmology. 115 (11), (2008).
  31. Stosic, T., Stosic, B. D. Multifractal analysis of human retinal vessels. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging. 25 (8), 1101-1107 (2006).
  32. Zamir, M., Medeiros, J. A., Cunningham, T. K. &. a. m. p. ;. M., Zamir, J. A., Medeiros, T. K. C. Arterial bifurcations in the human retina. J. Gen. Physiol. 74 (4), 537-548 (1979).
  33. Mwanza, J. C., Oakley, J. D., Budenz, D. L., Chang, R. T., Knight, O. J., Feuer, W. J. Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer: Automated detection and thickness reproducibility with spectral domain-optical coherence tomography in glaucoma. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (11), 8323-8329 (2011).
  34. Bendschneider, D., et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normals measured by spectral domain OCT. J. Glaucoma. 19 (7), 475-482 (2010).
  35. Cheung, C. Y., Ong, Y. T., Ikram, M. K., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y. Retinal Microvasculature in Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 42 (s4), S339-S352 (2014).
  36. Murray, C. D. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM WORK APPLIED TO THE ANGLE OF BRANCHING OF ARTERIES. J. Gen. Physiol. (4), 835-841 (1926).
  37. Ding, J., et al. Early retinal arteriolar changes and peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 35 (5), 1098-1104 (2012).
  38. Yim, C., et al. Retinal Ganglion Cell Analysis Using High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Retin. Ganglion Cell Anal. MCI AD. 45 (1), 45-56 (2015).
  39. Stein, D. M., Wollstein, G., Ishikawa, H., Hertzmark, E., Noecker, R. J., Schuman, J. S. Effect of Corneal Drying on Optical Coherence Tomography. Ophthalmology. 113 (6), 985-991 (2006).
  40. Mwanza, J. C., et al. Effect of Cataract and its Removal on Signal Strength and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements. J. Glaucoma. 20 (1), 37-43 (2011).
  41. Garcia-Martin, E., et al. Influence of cataract surgery on optical coherence tomography and neurophysiology measurements in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 156 (2), (2013).
  42. Kok, P. H. B., et al. The relationship between the optical density of cataract and its influence on retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Acta Ophthalmol. , (2012).
  43. Kim, N. R., et al. Influence of cataract on time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer measurements. J. Glaucoma. 21 (2), 116-122 (2012).
  44. Hwang, Y. H., Kim, Y. Y. Effect of Peripapillary Vitreous Opacity on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurement Using Optical Coherence Tomography. Arch. Ophthalmol. 130 (6), 789-792 (2012).
  45. Schwartz, S. G., Flynn, H. W., Fisher, Y. L. "Floater scotoma" demonstrated on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and caused by vitreous opacification. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retina. 44 (4), 415-418 (2013).
  46. Frost, S., et al. Retinal vascular biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of Alzheimer’s disease. Transl. Psychiatry. 3 (2), e233 (2013).
  47. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), 135-142 (2014).
  48. DeJong, F. J., et al. Retinal vascular caliber and risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 76 (9), 816-821 (2011).
  49. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Quantitative and qualitative retinal microvascular characteristics and blood pressure. J. Hypertens. 29 (7), 1380-1391 (2011).
  50. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Retinal vascular fractal dimension and its relationship with cardiovascular and ocular risk factors. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 154 (4), 663-674 (2012).
  51. Cheung, C. Y. L., et al. Retinal vascular tortuosity, blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors. Ophthalmology. 118 (5), 812-818 (2011).
  52. Grinton, M. E., et al. The association between retinal vessel morphology and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in an elderly population. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging. 43 (6 Suppl), S61-S66 (2012).
  53. Hughes, A. D., et al. Quantification of topological changes in retinal vascular architecture in essential and malignant hypertension. J. Hypertens. 24 (5), 889-894 (2006).
  54. Hughes, A. D., et al. Determinants of retinal microvascular architecture in normal subjects. Microcirculation. 16 (2), 159-166 (2009).
  55. Lau, Q. P., Lee, M. L., Hsu, W., Wong, T. Y. The Singapore Eye Vessel Assessment System. Image Anal. Model. Ophthalmol. , 143-160 (2014).
  56. Thomas, G. N., et al. Measurement of Macular Fractal Dimension Using a Computer-Assisted Program. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 55 (4), 2237 (2014).
  57. Murray, C. D. The physiological principle of minimal work. I. The vascular system and the cost of blood volume. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 12, 207-214 (1926).
  58. Cheung, C., Chen, C., Wong, T. Ocular Fundus Photography as a Tool to Study Stroke and Dementia. Semin. Neurol. 35 (5), 481-490 (2015).
  59. Williams, M. A., et al. Retinal microvascular network attenuation in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit. 1 (2), 229-235 (2015).
  60. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Retinal Vascular Fractal Dimension Is Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 23 (1), 43-50 (2014).
  61. Hammes, H. P., et al. Diabetic retinopathy: targeting vasoregression. Diabetes. 60 (1), 9-16 (2011).
  62. Cheung, C. Y., et al. Microvascular network alterations in the retina of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10 (2), 135-142 (2014).
  63. Frame, M. D., Sarelius, I. H. Arteriolar bifurcation angles vary with position and when flow is changed. Microvasc Res. 46 (2), 190-205 (1993).
  64. Djonov, V., Baum, O., Burri, P. H. Vascular remodeling by intussusceptive angiogenesis. Cell Tissue Res. 314 (1), 107-117 (2003).
  65. Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H. Basal EDRF activity helps to keep the geometrical configuration of arterial bifurcations close to the Murray optimum. J. Theor. Biol. 146 (4), 545-573 (1990).
  66. Griffith, T. M., Edwards, D. H., Randall, M. D. Blood flow and optimal vascular topography: role of the endothelium. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86 Suppl 2, 89-96 (1991).
  67. Chapman, N., Haimes, G., Stanton, A. V., Thom, S. A. M., Hughes, A. D. Acute effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide on retinal vascular network geometry in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Clin. Sci. 99 (6), 483-488 (2000).
  68. Heringa, S. M., Bouvy, W. H., van denBerg, E., Moll, A. C., Jaap Kappelle, L., Jan Biessels, G. Associations between retinal microvascular changes and dementia, cognitive functioning, and brain imaging abnormalities: a systematic review. J. Cereb. blood flow Metab. 33 (7), 983-995 (2013).
  69. Ding, J., et al. Diabetic retinopathy and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: The Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study. Diabetes. 59 (11), 2883-2889 (2010).
  70. Parisi, V., Restuccia, R., Fattapposta, F., Mina, C., Bucci, M. G., Pierelli, F. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112 (10), 1860-1867 (2001).
  71. Paquet, C., Boissonnot, M., Roger, F., Dighiero, P., Gil, R., Hugon, J. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 420 (2), 97-99 (2007).
  72. Moschos, M. M., et al. Structural and functional impairment of the retina and optic nerve in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 9 (7), 782-788 (2012).
  73. Lu, Y., et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer structure abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence in optical coherence tomography. Neurosci. Lett. 480 (1), 69-72 (2010).
  74. Kesler, A., Vakhapova, V., Korczyn, A. D., Naftaliev, E., Neudorfer, M. Retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 113 (7), 523-526 (2011).
  75. Ascaso, F. J., et al. Retinal alterations in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: An optical coherence tomography study. J. Neurol. 261 (8), 1522-1530 (2014).
  76. Berisha, F., Feke, G. T., Trempe, C. L., McMeel, J. W., Schepens, C. L. Retinal abnormalities in early Alzheimer’s disease. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (5), 2285-2289 (2007).
  77. Iseri, P. K., Altinaş, O., Tokay, T., Yüksel, N. Relationship between Cognitive Impairment and Retinal Morphological and Visual Functional Abnormalities in Alzheimer Disease. J. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 26 (1), 18-24 (2006).
  78. Garcia-Martin, E. S., et al. Macular thickness as a potential biomarker of mild Alzheimer’s disease. Ophthalmology. 121 (5), 1149-1151 (2014).
  79. Ko, F., et al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning Associated With Poor Cognitive Function Among A Large Cohort, The Uk Biobank. Alzheimer’s Dement. 12 (7), P317-P318 (2016).
  80. Moreno-Ramos, T., Benito-Leon, J., Villarejo, A., Bermejo-Pareja, F. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers. Dis. 34 (3), 659-664 (2013).
  81. Moschos, M. M., et al. Morphologic changes and functional retinal impairment in patients with Parkinson disease without visual loss. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 21 (1), 24-29 (2011).
  82. Garcia-Martin, E., et al. Ability and reproducibility of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy in Parkinson’s disease. Ophthalmology. 119 (10), 2161-2167 (2012).
  83. Yip, W., et al. Comparison of Common Retinal Vessel Caliber Measurement Software and a Conversion Algorithm. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 5 (5), 11 (2016).
  84. Gorelick, P. B., et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke. 42 (9), 2672-2713 (2011).
  85. Brown, W. R., Thore, C. R. Review: Cerebral microvascular pathology in ageing and neurodegeneration. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 37 (1), 56-74 (2011).
  86. DeSilva, T. M., Faraci, F. M. Microvascular Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 36 (2), 241-258 (2016).
  87. Kalaria, R. N., Akinyemi, R., Ihara, M. Does vascular pathology contribute to Alzheimer changes?. J. Neurol. Sci. 322 (1-2), 141-147 (2012).
  88. Kling, M. A., Trojanowski, J. Q., Wolk, D. A., Lee, V. M. Y., Arnold, S. E. Vascular disease and dementias: paradigm shifts to drive research in new directions. Alzheimers. Dement. 9 (1), 76-92 (2013).
  89. O’Brien, J. T., et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol. 2 (2), 89-98 (2003).
  90. Chen, C., et al. Alzheimer’s disease with cerebrovascular disease: current status in the Asia-Pacific region. J. Intern. Med. 280 (4), 359-374 (2016).
  91. Pérez, M. A., Bruce, B. B., Newman, N. J., Biousse, V. The use of retinal photography in nonophthalmic settings and its potential for neurology. Neurologist. 18 (6), 350-355 (2012).
  92. Boppart, S. A. Optical coherence tomography: Technology and applications for neuroimaging. Psychophysiology. 40 (4), 529-541 (2003).
  93. Hee, M. R., et al. Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113 (3), 325-332 (1995).
  94. Huang, D., et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science (80-.). 254 (5035), 1178-1181 (1991).
  95. vanVelthoven, M. E. J., Verbraak, F. D., Yannuzzi, L., Rosen, R. B., Podoleanu, A. G. H., deSmet, M. D. Imaging the retina by en face optical coherence tomography. Retina. 26 (2), 129-136 (2006).
  96. Costa, R. A., et al. Retinal assessment using optical coherence tomography. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25 (3), 325-353 (2006).
  97. DeBuc, D. C., Somfai, G. M., Ranganathan, S., Tátrai, E., Ferencz, M., Puliafito, C. A. Reliability and reproducibility of macular segmentation using a custom-built optical coherence tomography retinal image analysis software. J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (6), 64023 (2009).
  98. Budenz, D. L., et al. Determinants of Normal Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measured by Stratus OCT. Ophthalmology. 114 (6), 1046-1052 (2007).
  99. Leung, C. K. S., et al. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Imaging with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: A Prospective Analysis of Age-Related Loss. Ophthalmology. 119 (4), 731-737 (2012).
  100. Cettomai, D., et al. Reproducibility of optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 65 (9), 1218-1222 (2008).
  101. Garcia-Martin, E., Pinilla, I., Idoipe, M., Fuertes, I., Pueyo, V. Intra and interoperator reproducibility of retinal nerve fibre and macular thickness measurements using Cirrus Fourier-domain OCT. Acta Ophthalmol. 89 (1), (2011).
  102. Garcia-Martin, E., Pueyo, V., Pinilla, I., Ara, J. R., Martin, J., Fernandez, J. Fourier-domain OCT in multiple sclerosis patients: reproducibility and ability to detect retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (7), 4124-4131 (2011).
  103. Menke, M. N., Knecht, P., Sturm, V., Dabov, S., Funk, J. Reproducibility of nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using 3D fourier-domain OCT. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (12), 5386-5391 (2008).
  104. Mwanza, J. C., et al. Reproducibility of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters measured with cirrus HD-OCT in glaucomatous eyes. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (11), 5724-5730 (2010).
  105. Syc, S. B., et al. Reproducibility of high-resolution optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 16 (7), 829-839 (2010).
  106. Ikram, M. K., Cheung, C. Y., Wong, T. Y., Chen, C. P. L. H. Retinal pathology as biomarker for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 83 (9), 917-922 (2012).
  107. MacGillivray, T. J., Trucco, E., Cameron, J. R., Dhillon, B., Houston, J. G., vanBeek, E. J. R. Retinal imaging as a source of biomarkers for diagnosis, characterization and prognosis of chronic illness or long-term conditions. Br. J. Radiol. 87 (1040), 20130832 (2014).
  108. Patton, N., et al. Retinal image analysis: Concepts, applications and potential. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 25 (1), 99-127 (2006).
  109. McGrory, S., et al. The application of retinal fundus camera imaging in dementia: A systematic review. Alzheimer’s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit. 6, 91-107 (2017).
  110. Wong, T. Y., Knudtson, M. D., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Meuer, S. M., Hubbard, L. D. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 111 (6), 1183-1190 (2004).
  111. Hardin, J. S., Taibbi, G., Nelson, S. C., Chao, D., Vizzeri, G. Factors Affecting Cirrus-HD OCT Optic Disc Scan Quality: A Review with Case Examples. J. Ophthalmol. 2015, 1-16 (2015).
  112. Kim, N. R., et al. Influence of Cataract on Time Domain and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements. J. Glaucoma. 1, (2010).
  113. Li, H., et al. Lens opacity and refractive influences on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Acta Ophthalmol. 88 (6), e234-e240 (2010).
  114. Maberley, D., Morris, A., Hay, D., Chang, A., Hall, L., Mandava, N. A comparison of digital retinal image quality among photographers with different levels of training using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 11 (3), 191-197 (2004).
  115. Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Taylor, B., Wong, T. Y., Mitchell, P. Ethnic variability in retinal vessel caliber: A potential source of measurement error from ocular pigmentation?-The Sydney childhood eye study. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49 (4), 1362-1366 (2008).
  116. Wainwright, A., et al. Effect of image quality, color, and format on the measurement of retinal vascular fractal dimension. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51 (11), 5525-5529 (2010).
  117. Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular manifestations of metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17 (7), 262-268 (2006).
  118. Ding, J., et al. Retinal vascular caliber and the development of hypertension: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. J. Hypertens. 32 (2), 207-215 (2014).
  119. Nguyen, T. T., Wong, T. Y. Retinal vascular changes and diabetic retinopathy. Curr. Diab. Rep. 9 (4), 277-283 (2009).
  120. Leung, C. K. S., Ye, C., Weinreb, R. N., Yu, M., Lai, G., Lam, D. S. Impact of Age-related Change of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Macular Thicknesses on Evaluation of Glaucoma Progression. Ophthalmology. 120 (12), 2485-2492 (2013).
  121. Sherry, L. M., et al. Reliability of computer-assisted retinal vessel measurement in a population. Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. 30 (3), 179-182 (2002).
  122. Wardlaw, J. M., et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 12 (8), 822-838 (2013).
  123. Patton, N., Aslam, T., MacGillivray, T., Pattie, A., Deary, I. J., Dhillon, B. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cerebrovascular disease: A rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J. Anat. 206 (4), 319-348 (2005).
  124. Ferri, C. P., et al. Global prevalence of dementia: A Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 366 (9503), 2112-2117 (2005).
  125. Sahadevan, S., et al. Ethnic differences in Singapore’s dementia prevalence: The stroke, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and dementia in Singapore study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56 (11), 2061-2068 (2008).
  126. Kernt, M., et al. Assessment of diabetic retinopathy using nonmydriatic ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Optomap) compared with ETDRS 7-field stereo photography. Diabetes Care. 35 (12), 2459-2463 (2012).
  127. Manivannan, A., Plskova, J., Farrow, A., Mckay, S., Sharp, P. F., Forrester, J. V. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 (3), 525-527 (2005).
  128. Pellegrini, E., et al. Blood vessel segmentation and width estimation in ultra-wide field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Biomed. Opt. Express. 5 (12), 4329 (2014).
  129. Estrada, R., Tomasi, C., Schmidler, S. C., Farsiu, S. Tree topology estimation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 37 (8), 1688-1701 (2015).

Tags

Retinal ImagingDementiaAlzheimer’s DiseaseBiomarkersVascular ChangesNeuronal ChangesFundus CameraPupil DilationImage CaptureOptic DiscRetinaComputer-assisted Analysis

Play Video
PDF
DOI
DOWNLOAD MATERIALS LIST
Citar este artigo
Chan, V. T., Tso, T. H., Tang, F., Tham, C., Mok, V., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y., Cheung, C. Y. Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia. J. Vis. Exp. (129), e56137, doi:10.3791/56137 (2017).
Baixar citação
Reimpressões e Permissões

View Video

✖

To prove you're not a robot, please enter the text in the image below

CAPTCHA Image
Play CAPTCHA Audio
Refresh Image