Применение Остановлен поток Кинетика методы по расследованию Механизм действия белков репарации ДНК
Summary
MSH2-Msh6 отвечает за инициирование ремонт ошибок репликации ДНК. Здесь мы представляем переходных подход кинетики к пониманию того, как этот критический белка работ. В докладе показано, остановил поток экспериментов для измерения связаны обязательными ДНК и АТФ-азы кинетики основной MSH2-Msh6 механизм действия в репарации ДНК.
Abstract
Transient kinetic analysis is indispensable for understanding the workings of biological macromolecules, since this approach yields mechanistic information including active site concentrations and intrinsic rate constants that govern macromolecular function. In case of enzymes, for example, transient or pre-steady state measurements identify and characterize individual events in the reaction pathway, whereas steady state measurements only yield overall catalytic efficiency and specificity. Individual events such as protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions and rate-limiting conformational changes often occur in the millisecond timescale, and can be measured directly by stopped-flow and chemical-quench flow methods. Given an optical signal such as fluorescence, stopped-flow serves as a powerful and accessible tool for monitoring reaction progress from substrate binding to product release and catalytic turnover1,2.
Here, we report application of stopped-flow kinetics to probe the mechanism of action of Msh2-Msh6, a eukaryotic DNA repair protein that recognizes base-pair mismatches and insertion/deletion loops in DNA and signals mismatch repair (MMR)3-5. In doing so, Msh2-Msh6 increases the accuracy of DNA replication by three orders of magnitude (error frequency decreases from ~10-6 to10-9 bases), and thus helps preserve genomic integrity. Not surprisingly, defective human Msh2-Msh6 function is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer and other sporadic cancers6-8. In order to understand the mechanism of action of this critical DNA metabolic protein, we are probing the dynamics of Msh2-Msh6 interaction with mismatched DNA as well as the ATPase activity that fuels its actions in MMR. DNA binding is measured by rapidly mixing Msh2-Msh6 with DNA containing a 2-aminopurine (2-Ap) fluorophore adjacent to a G:T mismatch and monitoring the resulting increase in 2-aminopurine fluorescence in real time. DNA dissociation is measured by mixing pre-formed Msh2-Msh6 G:T(2-Ap) mismatch complex with unlabeled trap DNA and monitoring decrease in fluorescence over time9. Pre-steady state ATPase kinetics are measured by the change in fluorescence of 7-diethylamino-3-((((2-maleimidyl)ethyl)amino)carbonyl) coumarin)-labeled Phosphate Binding Protein (MDCC-PBP) on binding phosphate (Pi) released by Msh2-Msh6 following ATP hydrolysis9,10.
The data reveal rapid binding of Msh2-Msh6 to a G:T mismatch and formation of a long-lived Msh2-Msh6 G:T complex, which in turn results in suppression of ATP hydrolysis and stabilization of the protein in an ATP-bound form. The reaction kinetics provide clear support for the hypothesis that ATP-bound Msh2-Msh6 signals DNA repair on binding a mismatched base pair in the double helix.
F. Noah Biro and Jie Zhai contributed to this paper equally.
Protocol
Discussion
Примером несоответствия ДНК связывающего белка, описанные здесь иллюстрирует силу и полезность переходных кинетических методов для изучения механизмов биологических молекул. Остановлено потока измерений на единой шкале времени оборота при условии, однозначно указывает на быстрое ?…
Acknowledgements
Эта работа была поддержана премии NSF КАРЬЕРА (MMH), Барри М. Голдуотера стипендий (FNB) и ASBMB бакалавриат исследований (УХО). Клона более-выражение PBP был любезно предоставлен д-р Мартин Уэбб (MRC, Великобритания).
Materials
| DNA name | Sequence |
| 37 G | 5′- ATT TCC TTC AGC AGA TAT G T A CCA TAC TGA TTC ACA T -3′ |
| 37 T (2-Ap) | 5′- ATG TGA ATC AGT ATG GTA TApT ATC TGC TGA AGG AAA T -3′ |
| 37 T | 5′- ATG TGA ATC AGT ATG GTA T A T ATC TGC TGA AGG AAA T -3′ |
References
- Johnson, K. A. Advances in transient-state kinetics. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 9 (1), 87-89 (1998).
- Johnson, K. A. E. . Kinetic analysis of macromolecules. , (2003).
- Obmolova, G., Ban, C., Hsieh, P., Yang, W. Crystal structures of mismatch repair protein MutS and its complex with a substrate DNA. Nature. 407 (6805), 703-710 (2000).
- Lamers, M. H. The crystal structure of DNA mismatch repair protein MutS binding to a G x T mismatch. Nature. 407 (6805), 711-717 (2000).
- Warren, J. J. Structure of the human MutSalpha DNA lesion recognition complex. Mol Cell. 26 (4), 579-592 (2007).
- Kunkel, T. A. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Erie, D. A. . DNA Mismatch Repair. Annu Rev Biochem. 74, 681-710 (2005).
- Jiricny, J. The multifaceted mismatch-repair system. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 7 (5), 335-346 (2006).
- Hsieh, P., Yamane, K. DNA mismatch repair: Molecular mechanism, cancer, and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev. 129 (7-8), 391-407 (2008).
- Jacobs-Palmer, E., Hingorani, M. M. The effects of nucleotides on MutS-DNA binding kinetics clarify the role of MutS ATPase activity in mismatch repair. J Mol Biol. 366 (4), 1087-1098 (2007).
- Antony, E., Khubchandani, S., Chen, S., Hingorani, M. M., M, M. Contribution of Msh2 and Msh6 subunits to the asymmetric ATPase and DNA mismatch binding activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2-Msh6 mismatch repair protein. DNA Repair (Amst). 5 (2), 153-162 (2006).
- Antony, E., Hingorani, M. M. Mismatch recognition-coupled stabilization of Msh2-Msh6 in an ATP-bound state at the initiation of DNA repair. Biochemistry. 42 (25), 7682-7693 (2003).
- Finkelstein, J., Antony, E., Hingorani, M. M., O’Donnell, M. Overproduction and analysis of eukaryotic multiprotein complexes in Escherichia coli using a dual-vector strategy. Anal Biochem. 319 (1), 78-87 (2003).
- Zhai, J., Hingorani, M. M. S. cerevisiae Msh2-Msh6 DNA binding kinetics reveal a mechanism of targeting sites for DNA mismatch repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (2), 680-685 (2010).
- Brune, M., Hunter, J. L., Corrie, J. E., Webb, M. R. Direct, real-time measurement of rapid inorganic phosphate release using a novel fluorescent probe and its application to actomyosin subfragment 1 ATPase. Biochemistry. 33 (27), 8262-8271 (1994).
- Brune, M. Mechanism of inorganic phosphate interaction with phosphate binding protein from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 37 (29), 10370-10380 (1998).
- Antony, E., Hingorani, M. M. Asymmetric ATP binding and hydrolysis activity of the Thermus aquaticus MutS dimer is key to modulation of its interactions with mismatched DNA. Biochemistry. 43 (41), 13115-13128 (2004).
- Gradia, S., Acharya, S., Fishel, R. The human mismatch recognition complex hMSH2-hMSH6 functions as a novel molecular switch. Cell. 91 (7), 995-1005 (1997).
- Mazur, D. J., Mendillo, M. L., Kolodner, R. D., D, R. Inhibition of Msh6 ATPase activity by mispaired DNA induces a Msh2(ATP)-Msh6(ATP) state capable of hydrolysis-independent movement along DNA. Mol Cell. 22 (1), 39-49 (2006).
