Summary

Produzione di transgenici Xenopus laevis Integrazione mediata da enzima di restrizione e trapianto nucleare

Published: August 21, 2010
doi:

Summary

Questo protocollo video illustra un metodo per la generazione di transgenico<em> Xenopus laevis</em> Da introduzione di transgeni in nuclei degli spermatozoi seguita da trapianto nucleare in uova non fecondate.

Abstract

Integrazione stabile dei prodotti gene clonato nel genoma Xenopus è necessario controllare il tempo e il luogo di espressione, di esprimere i geni in fasi successive dello sviluppo embrionale, e di definire come esaltatori e promotori regolare l'espressione genica all'interno dell'embrione. Il protocollo ha dimostrato qui può essere usata per produrre in modo efficiente gli embrioni transgenici Xenopus laevis. Questo approccio transgenesi coinvolge tre parti: 1. Nuclei degli spermatozoi sono isolati da adulti X. testicolo laevis da un trattamento con lisolecitina, che permeabilizes la membrana plasmatica degli spermatozoi. 2. Estratto di uovo viene preparato mediante centrifugazione a bassa velocità, l'aggiunta di calcio a causare l'estratto per passare al interfase del ciclo cellulare, e una centrifugazione ad alta velocità per isolare citosol interfase. 3. Trapianto nucleare: i nuclei ed estrarre sono combinati con il DNA plasmidico linearizzato per essere introdotto come il transgene e una piccola quantità di enzima di restrizione. Durante una reazione di breve, estratto di uovo decondenses parzialmente la cromatina spermatica e l'enzima di restrizione genera rotture cromosomiche che promuovono ricombinazione del transgene nel genoma. I nuclei degli spermatozoi trattati vengono poi trapiantate in uova non fecondate. L'integrazione del transgene avviene di solito prima della scissione primo embrionale in modo tale che gli embrioni risultanti non sono chimerici. Questi embrioni possono essere analizzati senza necessità di allevare alla prossima generazione, permettendo per la generazione efficiente e rapido di embrioni transgenici per la ricerca di promotore e funzione del gene. Adulti X. laevis risultante da questa procedura anche propagare il transgene attraverso la linea germinale e può essere utilizzato per generare linee di animali transgenici ai fini multipli.

Protocol

Versioni modificate di questo approccio sono stati inizialmente transgenesi cui ai punti 1 e 2. A. sperma preparazione nuclei Questo metodo di preparazione dei nuclei è adattato da Murray 3, ma gli inibitori della proteasi sono stati omessi in quanto interferiscono con conseguente sviluppo di uova trapiantati con i nuclei degli spermatozoi. Aliquote sono congelati a -80 ° C e può essere utilizzato per trapianti per circa 6 mesi. …

Discussion

Per ciascun costrutto transgenico da testare, in genere trapianto nuclei in 500-1000 uova; a questa scala, possiamo generare embrioni transgenici che esprimono fino a 10 diversi costrutti al giorno, a seconda di quante donne sono indotte a deporre le uova. Di questi trapianti, circa un terzo dei fendere uova e 60-80% di questi embrioni scissione procedere attraverso gastrulazione normalmente. A seconda delle condizioni di reazione utilizzate, tra 10-50% di questi embrioni esprimono il transgene di interesse. Pertanto, u…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Finanziamenti per il nostro lavoro è fornito dalla NIH, il March of Dimes, e l'American Cancer Society.

Materials

A.Sperm nuclei preparation

Reagents:

  1. 1X MMR (2mM CaCl2, 5mM HEPES, pH7.5, 2mM KCl, 1mM MgCl2, 100mM NaCl).
  2. 0.1% Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222, aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, Sigma A-5040), 0.1% sodium bicarbonate. Dissolve in water.
  3. 2X Nuclear Preparation Butter (NPB). On the day of the sperm nuclei preparation, make up 30 ml of 2X NPB from aliquots of the stock solutions stored frozen: 500 mM sucrose (1.5 M stock), 30 mM HEPES (1M stock; titrate with KOH so that pH 7.7 is at 15 mM), 1 mM spermidine trihydrochloride (Sigma S-2501; 10 mM stock), 0.4 mM spermine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma S-1141; 10 mM stock), 2 mM dithiothreitol (Sigma D-0632; 100 mM stock), 2 mM EDTA (500 mM EDTA, pH 8.0).
  4. Use the 2XNPB to make a. 30ml 1X NPB, b. 10ml 1XNPB+3%BSA (fraction V, Sigma A-7906), c. 5ml 1XNPB+0.3%BSA.
  5. Lysolecithin: 100 μl of 10 mg/ml L-α-lyso-Lecithin, Egg Yolk (Calbiochem, 440154); dissolve at room temperature just before use. Store solid stock at 20°C. Discard the stock powder if it becomes sticky.
  6. Bovine serum albumin (BSA): 10% (w/v) BSA (fraction V, Sigma A-7906) Make up 5 ml in water on the day of the sperm nuclei preparation.
  7. Sperm storage buffer (1ml) 1X NPB, 30% glycerol, 0.3% BSA.
  8. Sperm dilution buffer: 250 mM sucrose, 75 mM KCl, 0.5 mM spermidine trihydrochloride, 0.2 mM spermine tetrahydrochloride. Titrate to pH 7.3-7.5 and store 0.5-1 ml aliquots at 20°C.
  9. Hoechst No. 33342 (Sigma B-2261): 10 mg/ml stock in dH2O, store in a light tight vessel at 20°C.

Equipment:

  • Swinging bucket rotor and centrifuge
  • cheesecloth
  • dissection tools (forceps and scissors)
  • fluorescence microscope
  • funnel
  • gloves
  • hemocytometer
  • needles (26 gauge)
  • paper towels
  • petri dishes (60 mm)
  • pipettes
  • plastic (5 and 10 ml)
  • Pipetman tips (1 ml and 200μl)
  • Syringes (1 ml)
  • tubes (14 ml; Falcon, 2059)
  • tubes
  • microcentrifuge (1.5 ml)

B. Preparation of High Speed Extract

Reagents:

  1. 1X Marc’s Modified Ringer (MMR): 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. Prepare a 10X stock, and adjust pH with NaOH to 7.5.
  2. 20X Extract buffer (XB) salt stock: 2 M KCl, 20 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, filter-sterilize and store at 4°C.
  3. Extract buffer (XB; freshly prepared and stored on ice): 1X XB salts, 50 mM sucrose,10mM HEPES (1 M stock, titrated with KOH so that pH is 7.7 when diluted to 15 mM; filter-sterilize, and store in aliquots at 20°C). Prepare about 100 ml.
  4. 2% (w/v) L-Cysteine hydrochloride 1-hydrate: Made up in 1X XB salts before use and titrated to pH 7.8 with NaOH. Prepare about 300 ml.
  5. CSF-XB: 1X XB salts, 1 mM MgCl2 (in addition to MgCl2 present in XB salts; final concentration 2 mM), 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 50 mM sucrose, 5 mM EGTA, pH 7.7. Prepare 50 ml.
  6. Protease inhibitors: Mixture of leupeptin, chymostatin, and pepstatin, each dissolved to a final concentration of 10 mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Store in small aliquots at 20°C.
  7. 1 M CaCl2.
  8. Energy mix: 150 mM creatine phosphate, 20 mM ATP, 20 mM MgCl2.
  9. Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG): 100 U/ml PMSG (P.G.600®, Intervet, Inc., 021825). Dissolve in water and stored at 20°C.
  10. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): 1000 U/ml HCG (CHORULON®, Intervet, Inc., 057176 ). Dissolve in water and stored at 4°C.

Equipment:

  • Xenopus laevis females
  • Needles (18 and 26 gauge)
  • Pasteur pipette
  • wide bore
  • Syringes (1 mL)
  • Tubes, microcentrifuge (0.5 mL)
  • Tubes, thick-wall polycarbonate (Beckman, 349622)
  • Tubes, ultraclear (14 x 95 mm; Beckman, 344060)
  • Ultracentrifuge and rotors (e.g., Beckman TL-100 with rotors SW 40 Ti and TLA-100.3)
  • Beakers for egg collection
  • Buckets or containers for holding female frogs (e.g., 4-L plastic beakers with mesh lids).

C. Nuclear transplantation.

Reagents:

  1. 2.5% agarose in 0.1XMMR (for making injection dishes)
  2. 2.5% Cysteine in 1XMMR, pH8.0, prepared on the day of use
  3. Ficoll
  4. 10 mg/ml gentamycin (1000X stock)
  5. high speed egg extract (see above)
  6. 100 MgCl2
  7. 10X MMR (see above)
  8. Restriction enzyme (e.g. NotI from New England Biolabs)
  9. Sperm dilution buffer (SDB; see above) and sperm nuclei (see above)
  10. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) as above
  11. mineral oil (Sigma, M8410)
  12. Linearized plasmid to be introduced as the transgene: Prepare linearized plasmid at a concentration of about 100 ng/μl in sterile, nuclease-free water (we avoid Tris and EDTA-containing buffers, which are somewhat toxic to embryos). The restriction enzyme used to linearize the plasmid does not have to be the same as the one used in the nuclear transfer reaction. We usually use NotI for all reactions, regardless of what plasmid is linearized with. Some calibration of the enzyme dilution used in the reaction may be necessary, as too much enzyme can cause adverse effects on post-gastrula development. Plasmid can be purified in several different ways: we usually use the Qiagen Qiaquick PCR purification kit according to the manufacturers directions; purification of a single band from a gel is not necessary. If plasmid is purified using phenol/chloroform extractions and ethanol precipitation, be certain to remove all traces of organics and ethanol.

Equipment:

Agarose dishes for injection: In a 60 mm plastic petri dish, lay a small 35mmX35mm weigh boat on molten 2.5% agarose in water 0.1XMMR to create a depression with an agarose-coated bottom for filling with eggs. Once agarose has hardened, wrap in parafilm and store at 4°C until use. Make 2-3 dishes in advance for each transgenic reaction you plan to do.

Infusion pump: We use a single syringe infusion pump from Harvard Apparatus, equipped with a 3 cc syringe/needle filled with mineral oil (Sigma M-8410). Blunt the syringe needle tip (to keep it from perforating the tubing) and attach the fine tygon tubing. Run the pump at ~10nl/sec; this assumes that the time the needle is in each egg will be no greater than 1 sec. Pump should be pre-run for several minutes prior to starting transgenesis for the day to assure that the plunger for the syringe is flush with the piston and that steady positive flow of oil out of the tubing is occurring.

Needles for nuclear transfers. Using a micropipette puller, generate needles with long, sloping tips. Clip these with a forcep under a dissecting microscope equipped with an ocular micrometer to obtain an ~80 micron opening with a beveled shape.

Other equipment: Xenopus laevis females, stereomicroscope, incubator, micromanipulator, microinjection needle puller (e.g. Model P-87, Sutter), syringe needles (26 gauge), glass microinjection needles, ocular micrometer for calibrated clipping of microinjection needle tips to 80μm diameter, petri dishes, weigh boats 35mm, Tygon tubing (ID=1/32 in., OD=3/32 in.)

References

  1. Kroll, K. L., Amaya, E. Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation. Development. 122, 3173-3183 (1996).
  2. Amaya, E., Kroll, K. L. A method for generating transgenic frog embryos. Methods Mol Biol. 97, 393-414 (1999).
  3. Murray, A. W. Cell cycle extracts. Methods Cell Biol. 36, 581-605 (1991).
  4. Hartley, K. O., Hardcastle, Z., Friday, R. V., Amaya, E., Papalopulu, N. Transgenic Xenopus embryos reveal that anterior neural development requires continued suppression of BMP signaling after gastrulation. Developmental Biology. 238, 168-184 (2001).
  5. Karaulanov, E., Knöchel, W., Niehrs, C. Transcriptional regulation of BMP4 synexpression in transgenic Xenopus. EMBO J. 23, 844-856 (2004).
  6. Ogino, H., Fisher, M., Grainger, R. M. Convergence of a head-field selector Otx2 and Notch signaling: a mechanism for lens specification. Development. 135, 249-2458 (2008).
  7. Taylor, J. J., Wang, T., Kroll, K. L. Tcf- and Vent-binding sites regulate neural-specific geminin expression in the gastrula embryo. Developmental Biology. 289, 494-506 (2006).
  8. Marsh-Armstrong, N., Huang, H., Berry, D. L., Brown, D. D. Germ-line transmission of transgenes in Xenopus laevis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96, 14389-14393 (1999).
  9. Offield, M. F., Hirsch, N., Grainger, R. M. The development of Xenopus tropicalis transgenic lines and their use in studying lens developmental timing in living embryos. Development. 127, 1789-1797 (2000).
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Cite This Article
Amaya, E., Kroll, K. Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation. J. Vis. Exp. (42), e2010, doi:10.3791/2010 (2010).

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