Живая съемка Спинной Аксоны Корневая после ризотомия
Summary
<em> В естественных условиях</em> Изображение протокол для мониторинга первичных сенсорных аксонов следующие спинной раздавить корень описано. Процедуры использования широкого поля флуоресцентной микроскопии и thy1-YFP трансгенных мышей, и разрешить повторяющиеся изображения регенерации аксонов более 4 см в ПНС и аксонов взаимодействия с интерфейсом ЦНС.
Abstract
The primary sensory axons injured by spinal root injuries fail to regenerate into the spinal cord, leading to chronic pain and permanent sensory loss. Regeneration of dorsal root (DR) axons into spinal cord is prevented at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), the interface between the CNS and PNS. Our understanding of the molecular and cellular events that prevent regeneration at DREZ is incomplete, in part because complex changes associated with nerve injury have been deduced from postmortem analyses. Dynamic cellular processes, such as axon regeneration, are best studied with techniques that capture real-time events with multiple observations of each living animal. Our ability to monitor neurons serially in vivo has increased dramatically owing to revolutionary innovations in optics and mouse transgenics. Several lines of thy1-GFP transgenic mice, in which subsets of neurons are genetically labeled in distinct fluorescent colors, permit individual neurons to be imaged in vivo1. These mice have been used extensively for in vivo imaging of muscle2-4 and brain5-7, and have provided novel insights into physiological mechanisms that static analyses could not have resolved. Imaging studies of neurons in living spinal cord have only recently begun. Lichtman and his colleagues first demonstrated their feasibility by tracking injured dorsal column (DC) axons with wide-field microscopy8,9. Multi-photon in vivo imaging of deeply positioned DC axons, microglia and blood vessels has also been accomplished10. Over the last few years, we have pioneered in applying in vivo imaging to monitor regeneration of DR axons using wide-field microscopy and H line of thy1-YFP mice. These studies have led us to a novel hypothesis about why DR axons are prevented from regenerating within the spinal cord11.
In H line of thy1-YFP mice, distinct YFP+ axons are superficially positioned, which allows several axons to be monitored simultaneously. We have learned that DR axons arriving at DREZ are better imaged in lumbar than in cervical spinal cord. In the present report we describe several strategies that we have found useful to assure successful long-term and repeated imaging of regenerating DR axons. These include methods that eliminate repeated intubation and respiratory interruption, minimize surgery-associated stress and scar formation, and acquire stable images at high resolution without phototoxicity.
Protocol
Discussion
Изображений DR регенерации непосредственно в живых мышей является особенно сложным, поскольку он требует существенных спинного ламинэктомии для контроля роста аксонов на большой площади следуют несколько инвазивных хирургических и обезболивающие процедуры в последующих сессиях из?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Мы благодарим д-р Алан Тесслер для комментариев и редакционных помощь. Эта работа была поддержана NIH NS062320.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| H line thy1-YFP (2-4 months old, either sex) | Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) | 003782 | |
| Xylazine (AnaSed injection, sterile solution) | Lloyd Laboratories, (Shenandoah, LA) | 4811 | 8 mg/kg |
| Ketamine (Ketamine hydrochloride injection, USP) | Hospira, Inc. (Lake Forest, IL) | 2051 | 120 mg/kg |
| Buprenorphine (Buprenex injectable) (0.05 mg/kg) | Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals Inc.(Richmond, VA) | 7571 | |
| Small animal hair clippers | Oster Professional, (McMinnville, TN) | 76059-030 | |
| Hair removal lotion | Church & Dwight Co (Princeton, NJ) | NAIR with Baby Oil | |
| Gauze sponges | Fisher Scientific, (Pittsburgh, PA) | 22-362-173 | |
| Cotton-tipped swabs | Fisher Scientific, (Pittsburgh, PA) | 14-960-3Q | |
| 1 mL syringes | Becton, Dickson and Company Franklin Lakes, NJ) | 309602 | |
| Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) needles, 26ga. | Becton, Dickson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) | 305115 | |
| Spring scissors and forceps | Fine Science Tools, (Foster City, CA) | ||
| 2.5-mm curved rongeurs | Fine Science Tools, (Foster City, CA) | 16221-14 | |
| Lactated Ringer’s Injection USP | B. Braun Medical Inc., (Irvine, CA) | BBR-L7502 | |
| Sterile saline solution | APP Pharmaceuticals, (Schaumburg, IL) | 918610 | |
| Thin synthetic matrix membrane (Biobrane) | Bertek Pharmaceuticals, (Morgantown, WV) | 62794-096-251 | |
| Artificial dura | Gore Preclude MVP Dura Substitute, W.L. Gore and Associates, (Flagstaff, AZ) | 1MVP40 | |
| 5-0 silk sutures | Ethicon, Inc. (Somerville, NJ) | K-580 | |
| Wound clips | Perfect – Ets Bruneau, (Burnea, France) | A75 | |
| Fluorescent stereomicroscope | Leica Microsystems, (Wetzlar, Germany) | MZ16 | |
| CCD camera | Hamamatsu, (Bridgewater, NJ) | ORCA-Rx2 | |
| Temperature Controller | World Precision Instruments (Sarasota, FL) | ATC 1000 | |
| Metamorph software | Molecular Devices, (Sunnyvale, CA) | ||
| Photoshop | Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA |
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