鼠内镜<em>体内</em>发生和肠道的评价多模式成像伤口愈合和炎症
Summary
小动物成像技术允许串行诊断检查和治疗干预的体内 。近日，应用的范围也显著扩大，目前包括评估结肠肿瘤的发展，促进伤口愈合和监测炎症。该协议说明了鼠内镜这些不同的应用潜力。
Abstract
小鼠模型被广泛用于研究人类疾病的发病机制和临床前评估诊断程序以及治疗干预。然而，病理性改变的有效评估的通常需要的组织学分析，并且当进行离体，就必须在动物的死亡。因此，在传统的实验环境中，个体内随访检查是几乎不可能。因此，在活体小鼠小鼠内窥镜的发展使得研究者首次两者直接可视化的胃肠道粘膜上，也重复监视变更的程序。众多的应用在体内鼠内镜存在，包括研究肠道炎症或创伤愈合，多次获得粘膜活检组织，并在本地管理使用微型喷射导管的诊断或治疗剂。最近，分子影像扩展了诊断成像月dalities允许使用特定photoprobes鲜明的靶分子的特异性检测。总之，鼠内镜检查已经成为一种新型的尖端技术， 活体成像诊断的实验和在各个领域的临床前研究可能显著影响。
Introduction
动物模型，极大地丰富了我们的许多肠道病变的认识。实验室小鼠（ 小家鼠 ）已成为生物医学研究的主要动物模型，由于其丰富的遗传和基因组信息，并在转基因和基因敲除株一应俱全。除了增进了解疾病的发病机制，动物模型也重要的是用于测试候选药物以及临床诊断或治疗性干预。然而，尽管有各种各样的小鼠模型模仿人类疾病，即在病人护理常规使用的许多诊断和介入选项不可用于小鼠。因此，监测策略，以监测小鼠疾病或治疗干预的效果的过程中往往局限于间接观测或验尸分析。虽然非侵入性程序监测小鼠存在活力样疾病活动指数，曲体重减轻或增加，血液，尿液和粪便antification分析，这些只是间接的指标，并通过个体间变异有偏见。此外， 验尸分析防止纵向观察，在重复的时间点。先进的成像技术来监测小鼠最近才推出1,2疾病活动。虽然这些成像技术允许重复的分析，他们只提供对肠道的描述，往往不准确的观点，并不能够直接可视粘膜或允许诊断或治疗干预措施，如活检收购或候选药物的局部和黏膜内的应用程序。
最近，已经开发出高分辨率内镜系统，在活体小鼠使用3,4。首次这些内窥镜技术允许的腔内结肠疾病的病状，如伤口愈合或肠道炎症提供物镜直接可视ective，实时状态，允许在相同的动物在重复的时间点的纵向研究。除了允许重复活检在个体小鼠，内窥镜系统还可以用于通过允许直接应用一种物质到感兴趣的区域，以治疗影响明显的肿瘤或局部炎症。此外，作为治疗和控制物质可以直接递送到感兴趣的区域，这可以在相同的小鼠进行的，不含个体间变异。这些系统现在已经被用于结肠的炎症，伤口愈合，腹腔镜肝脏活组织检查和原位诱导使用各种评分系统肝肿瘤8和肿瘤发展的评估，如结肠炎的严重性（MEICS）5-7的鼠内窥镜索引。 MEICS由五个参数来评估炎：结肠壁的增厚，血管格局的变化，纤维蛋白存在时，mucos粒度人面，大便一致性。
在这个协议中，我们描述了在肠伤口愈合，炎症和结肠癌的小鼠模型中使用刚性内窥镜。首先，我们证明伤口愈合和结肠炎症的内镜评估以及结肠炎活动的纵向评估和致癌的小鼠结肠的研究。除了 描述性的使用鼠内镜，我们提供了使用内视镜仪器的详细说明，以取得活组织切片检查，并关注不同的组件（ 例如，候选药物或肿瘤细胞）的局部和黏膜内的应用程序。最后，我们证明了利用小鼠荧光内镜，它采用先进的分子成像技术，在结直肠肿瘤的设置。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
上皮伤口的愈合是一个持续的过程。在胃肠道粘膜内连续生理剥离表层细胞的发生，要求上皮细胞16的频繁再生。因此，伤口愈合不良，对多种疾病产生巨大的影响，包括胃肠道溃疡和17吻合口漏18。可能只能不完全地进行在细胞培养系统中的体外 19,20评价的分子背景，以及潜在的候选药物，刺激上皮的愈合。因此，需要更复杂的实验装置如鼠结肠镜检查以?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
我们感谢宋佳Dufentester和埃尔克·韦伯的专家技术援助。我们感谢Faekah乔哈尔阿尤校对稿和Stefan布鲁克纳对医疗信息的支持。这项工作是由否则，克朗，费森尤斯-基金会（2012_A94）支持跨学科的资助。 D. Bettenworth是由医学院，WestfälischeWilhelms安大学明斯特的一个研究奖学金支持。 M.布鲁克纳是由德意志研究联合会（DFG SFB1009B8）的“Gerok”旋转位置的支持。 我们感谢海克百隆用于说明鼠标卡通。
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalogue Number | Comment |
| Reagents | |||
| Alfalfa-free diet | Harlan Laboritories, Madison, USA | 2014 | |
| Azoxymethane (AOM) | Sigma – Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany | A5486 | |
| Bepanthen eye ointment | Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany | 80469764 | |
| Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) | TdB Consulatancy, Uppsala, Sweden | DB001 | |
| Eosin | Sigma – Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany | E 4382 | |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) | Sigma – Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany | E 9884 | |
| Falcon Tube 50ml | BD Biosciences, Erembodegem, Belgium | 352070 | |
| Florene 100V/V | Abbott, Wiesbaden, Germany | B506 | |
| Fluorescein-Isothiocyanat (FITC)–dextrane | Sigma – Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany | FD4-250MG | |
| Haematoxylin | Sigma – Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany | HHS32-1L | |
| Isopentane (2- Methylbutane) | Sigma – Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany | M32631-1L | |
| Methylene blue | Merck, Darmstadt, Germany | 1159430025 | |
| O.C.T. Tissue Tek compound | Sakura, Zoeterwonde, Netherlands | 4583 | |
| Omnican F – canula | Braun, Melsungen, Germany | 9161502 | |
| Phosphate buffered saline, PBS | Lonza, Verviers, Belgium | 4629 | |
| Sodium Chloride 0,9% | Braun, Melsungen, Germany | 5/12211095/0411 | |
| Standard diet | Altromin, Lage, Germany | 1320 | |
| Tissue-Tek Cryomold | Sakura, Leiden, Netherlands | 4566 | |
| Vitro – Clud | R. Langenbrinck, Teningen, Germany | 04-0002 | |
| Equipment | |||
| AIDA Control | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20 096020 | |
| Bandpass filter | Semrock, Rochester, USA | HC 716/40 | |
| Bandpass filter | Semrock, Rochester, USA | HC 809/81 | |
| Biopsy Forceps, 3 Fr., 28cm | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 61071ZJ | |
| Dell Monitor | Dell, Frankfurt am Main, Germany | U2412Mb | |
| Examination Sheath, 9 Fr. | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 61029D | |
| Examination Sheath, 9 Fr. | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 61029C | |
| Fiber Optic Light Cable, 3.5mm | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 69495NL | |
| Fluorescein Blue Filter System | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20100032 | |
| Fluorescein Barrier Filter | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20100033 | |
| Foot switch | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20010430 | |
| HOPKINS Telescope, 1.9mm, Length 10cm | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 1830231 | |
| SCB D-light P | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20 133720 | |
| SCB tricam SL II | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20 2230 20 | |
| Tubing set instruments VETPUMP II | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 69811 | |
| Tricam PDD PAL | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 20221037 | |
| UniVet Porta | Groppler Medizintechnik, Deggendorf, Germany | BKGM 0451 | |
| Vetpump 2 | Karl Storz – Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany | 69321620 |
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