Besetzung des Kurzfristige Fetal Schafe für Multivariate Chronische Non-narkotisierten Recordings
Summary
Die chronisch instrumentierten nicht-narkotisierten fetaler Schafsmodell wird verwendet, um die menschliche Entwicklung des Fötus in Gesundheit und Krankheit zu studieren, weil es chirurgische Platzierung und Wartung von Katheter und Elektroden, repetitive Blutentnahme, Substanz Injektion, Aufnahme der bioelektrischen Aktivität und in vivo-Bildgebung ermöglicht. Wir beschreiben die erforderlich ist, um dieses Modell zu etablieren Verfahren.
Abstract
The chronically instrumented pregnant sheep has been used as a model of human fetal development and responses to pathophysiologic stimuli such as endotoxins, bacteria, umbilical cord occlusions, hypoxia and various pharmacological treatments. The life-saving clinical practices of glucocorticoid treatment in fetuses at risk of premature birth and the therapeutic hypothermia have been developed in this model. This is due to the unique amenability of the non-anesthetized fetal sheep to the surgical placement and maintenance of catheters and electrodes, allowing repetitive blood sampling, substance injection, recording of bioelectrical activity, application of electric stimulation and in vivo organ imaging. Here we describe the surgical instrumentation procedure required to achieve a stable chronically instrumented non-anesthetized fetal sheep model including characterization of the post-operative recovery from blood gas, metabolic and inflammation standpoints.
Introduction
Eine Vielzahl von Tiermodellen gibt es für die Untersuchung der normalen und kompromittiert Schwangerschaften, einschließlich Labornagern, nicht-menschlichen Primaten und Hauswiederkäuer. 1.2.3.4.5 Die chronisch instrumentierten trächtigen Schafen wurde ausgiebig seit 50 Jahren als verwendet ein Modell der menschlichen fötalen Entwicklung und antwortet pathophysiologische Stimuli, wie Lipopolysaccharid (LPS). 6-10 Die Läsionen nach der LPS-Exposition zu imitieren, was genau in Frühgeborenen mit Periventrikuläre Leukomalazie, was auf eine ähnliche Reifungsprofil beider Arten gesehen. 11, 12
Andere Komplikationen während der Schwangerschaft auch im Detail, wie die Entdeckung, dass vorgeburtliche Glukokortikoide fördern Lungenentwicklung 13-15 und das Verständnis der Auswirkungen der intrauterinen Wachstumsretardierung (IUGR) auf den Fötus 16,17 sucht.
Die umfangreiche Verwendung von fetalen Schafmodell aufgrund der uniq istue amenability des nicht-narkotisierten fetalen Schaf zur chirurgischen Anordnung und Wartung von Katheter und Elektroden, so dass sich wiederholende Blutentnahme Aufzeichnung bioelektrische Aktivität, Anlegen elektrischer Stimulation und in vivo bildgebenden Verfahren. 18 Telemetrie ist auch möglich, wenn auch weniger häufig verwendete doch aufgrund der höheren Komplexität als auch die Einrichtung als Anfangs und Wartungskosten. 19
Darüber hinaus ist das fetale Schafmodell sehr vielseitig, da viele Variationen der Instrumentierung möglich, je nach den Maßnahmen von Interesse. Beispielsweise ist es möglich, über mehrere Tage bis Wochen aufzuzeichnen multivariate Signale in Echtzeit wie fötalem Atembewegungen, elektrische Gehirnaktivität, Herzkreislaufreaktionen, Elektrokardiogramm, regionalen Blutfluss in einem Bereich von Organen mit Strömungssonden oder Mikrokügelchen, usw. Dank Diese Vielseitigkeit, eine breite Palette von Studien durchgeführt worden, einschließlich der Entwicklung der cardiovascular System 20,21, Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren (HPA) Achse 22, die Entwicklung des Gehirns 23 und Schlafzustände Entwicklung insbesondere 24, Auswirkungen von Hypoxie / Asphyxie 25, therapeutischen Hypothermie 26, Entzündung 6-11, Kombination von 27, Glucocorticoide 28,29, Anti-Depressiva 30, bronchopulmonalen Dysplasie (BPD) 31,32, fötale Programmierung 33,34,35,36,37,38,39 oder Entwicklung neuartiger fetale Überwachung Modalitäten vor und während der Geburt zu aber Namen ein einige Bereiche der Untersuchung. 40,41,42,43
Das übergeordnete Ziel des vorgestellten Verfahrens ist es, grundlegende Implementierung dieser vielseitigen Modells zeigen. Es ermöglicht die Einrichtung einer Vielzahl von akuten und chronischen experimentelle Protokolle studieren fetalen Physiologie und Pathophysiologie an der integrativen, Orgel, zellulärer und molekularer Ebene.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Das Anästhetikum und chirurgischen Verfahren vorgestellt, das für die Herstellung eines Tiermodells zur Untersuchung der Physiologie und Pathophysiologie fötalen erforderlich sind: die chronisch mit Instrumenten nicht-narkotisierten fetalen Schafen.
Vier kritischen Schritte in dem Protokoll hervorzuheben. Erstens, vorbei an den Katheter und Elektroden durch das mütterliche Flanke: Es ist wichtig, dass dies sofort getan an inneren Organen Verletzungen zu vermeiden. Zweitens Befestigen des…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the Molly Towell Perinatal Research Foundation, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS) (to MGF) and CIHR-Quebec Training Network in Perinatal Research (QTNPR) (to LDD).
The authors wish to thank Esther Simard, Marco Bosa, Carl Bernard and Carmen Movila for technical assistance.
Materials
| ACE Light source | Schott-Fostec | A20500 | |
| Dissecting scissors | Fine Science Tools | 14060 – 11 | |
| Angled dissecting scissors | Fine Science Tools | 15006 – 09 | |
| Scalpel handle | Fine Science Tools | 10003 – 12 | alternating dissecting tool |
| Curved scalpel blades #12 | Fine Science Tools | 10012 – 00 | alternating dissecting tool |
| Bone scissors | Fine Science Tools | 16044 – 10 | |
| S & T suture tying forceps | Fine Science Tools | 00272 – 13 | |
| Dumont SS forceps – angled | Fine Science Tools | 11203 – 25 | |
| Braided silk suture size 6-0 | Teleflex Medical | 07 – 30 – 10 | |
| Medical Tape | transpore | 3M | |
| Ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/ml | Hospira | NDC 0409 – 2051 – 05 | Final Does is 80 mg/kg |
| Tranqui Ved Injection (xylazine 100 mg/ml) | Vecdo | NDC 50989 – 234 – 11 | Final Does is 10 mg/kg |
| Reactive orange 14 | Sigma – Aldrich | R – 8254 | |
| Ringers Solution Components | Solution is gas equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% Co2, final pH 7.4 | ||
| Sodium chloride | Sigma – Aldrich | S7653 | Final Concentration: 118 mM |
| Potassium chloride | Fisher Scientific | P217 – 3 | Final Concentration: 4.7 mM |
| Calcium chloride dihydrate | Fisher Scientific | C79 – 500 | Final Concentration: 2.5 mM |
| Potassium phosphate monobasic | Fisher Scientific | P -285 | Final Concentration: 1.2 mM |
| Magnesium sulfate | J.T. Baker | Jan-00 | Final Concentration: 0.57 mM |
| 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) | Fisher Scientific | BP 310 – 500 | Final Concentration: 5.95 g/L |
| Glucose | Sigma – Aldrich | G8270 | Final Concentration: 5.5 mM |
| LifeWindow | Digicare Biomedical Technology | ||
| CED bioamplifier and ADC units | Cambridge Electronic Design Limited, Unit 4, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FE ENGLAND. |
Bioamp: 1902; ADC: micro1401; Data acquisition software: Spike 2, V7.13 | |
| Neurolog analog signal bioamplifier | Digitimer Ltd 37 Hydeway Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire, AL7 3BE, England |
NL108A | |
| ABL800Flex | Radiometer Canada; 200 Aberdeen Dr, London, ON N5V 4N2 | ||
| Eppendorf 5804R | Eppendorf Canada; 2810 Argentia Road, #2 Mississauga, Ontario, L5N 8L2 |
||
| Arrow Jugular Catheterization Set | Arrow International, Inc., 2400 Bernville Road, Reading, PA 19605 USA | ||
| Atravet | 10 mg/mL | ||
| Diazepam | 5mg/mL | ||
| Ketamine | Ketalar | 100 mg/mL | |
| Propofol | 10 mg/mL | ||
| SurgiVeT | Endotracheal Tubes; Smiths Medical ASD, Inc. St. Paul, MN 55112, USA | ||
| Cook Airway Exchange Catheter with RAPI-FIT Adapters | Cook Critical Care 750, Bloomington IN 47402-0489 USA | ||
| Dispomed Ventilator | Dispomed Ltd., 745 Nazaire-Laurin, Joliette, Quebec J6E 0L6 | ||
| BD Insyte-W | Becton Dickinson, Infusion Therapy Systems Inc., 9450 S State St, Sandy Utah 84070 USA | 22 to 20 G; 1 in [0.9 x 25 mm] to 1.16 in [1.1 x 30 mm] | |
| Edwards Lifesciences Ref: PX272 Pressure monitoring kit with TruWave Disposable Pressure | |||
| LifeWindow LW6000 | Digicare Biomedical Technology 107 Commerce Road, Boynton Beach, FL 33426-9365 USA | ||
| Gaymar | |||
| Babcock | |||
| Polyvinyl catheters | SCI (Scientific Commodities Inc.) | 2 meters | |
| 2-0 Vicryl | |||
| Castroviejo scissors | |||
| electrocardiogram (ECG) | LIFYY, Metrofunk Kabel-Union, Berlin, Germany | four copper electrodes in single sheath, 2 meters | |
| 2-O Vicryl | |||
| 3-0 Vicryl | |||
| PDS II USP | |||
| Trimethoprim sulfadoxine | |||
| Ampicillin | |||
| Stopcock | Argon Medical, Cat 041220001A | Double 4-way Stopcock with male luer lock | |
| Needles | Tyco Healthcare 8881202389 | Monoject aluminum hub blunt needles, 22Gx, 0.7mmx 38.1mm: for fetal arterial and venous catheters | |
| Needles | Tyco Healthcare 8881202322 | Monoject aluminum hub blunt needles, 16Gx, 1.6mmx38.1mm: for amniotic catheters |
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