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Behavior

该德泽 - 洛蒂格 - 麦克德莫特（DRM）任务：一个简单的认知范式来研究实验室错误记忆

Published: January 31, 2017
doi:
10.3791/54793
,
1Psychology,University of Notre Dame

Summary

在这里，我们目前的德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务，研究错误记忆的实验工具。学科研究的语义相关的词（ 如护士，生病等 ）列表，以后记得虚假表示的要点，或主题，字表的字未学（医生）。

Abstract

该德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务是假内存范例，其中科目都带有的语义相关的词（ 例如 ，护士，医院等 ），在编码列表。延时后，科目要求召回或识别这些词。在任务的识别记忆版本，受检者被问及他们是否还记得以前提交的话，以及相关的（但从未提交）关键诱字（'医生'）。通常情况下，临界字被识别以高概率和信心。这种虚假的记忆效应已经在整个短（ 例如 ，立竿见影，20分钟）和长期（ 如 1，7，60天）的编码和测试内存之间的延迟得到有力证明。使用此任务来研究错误记忆的优势在于它的简单性和持续时间短。如果任务的编码和提取成分发生在同一个会议上，整个任务可以低至2 – 30分钟。然而，人虽然DRM任务被广泛认为是“虚假记忆”的范式，一些研究者认为基于语义记忆网络在大脑中的激活的DRM幻想，认为这种基于语义要点假的内存错误可能实际上是一些有用的场景（ 例如 ，记住树木不见森林;记住一个单词列表是关于“医生”，即使实际单词“医生”从来没有提出学习）。记忆经验的要旨（代替或与个别细节一起）可以说是一个自适应过程，此任务提供知识了大量有关的存储器的建设性，自适应性质。因此，在使用此任务时，研究“虚假记忆”，因为DRM内存错误可能无法充分反映在现实世界中虚假记忆，比如在目击者的证词错误记忆讨论整体的覆盖面和他们的实验意义时，研究者应谨慎使用，还是假的性虐待的回忆。

Introduction

该德泽，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特（DRM）的任务最初由德泽1中创建，后来由洛蒂格和麦克德莫特2在实验室研究错误记忆的方便手段活力。虽然有些3,4认为这应该叫DRMRS任务，为读5和6索尔索的贡献，在文学中最常见的名字是DRM任务，我们用这个名字在这里调用它。由洛蒂格和麦克德莫特2发表了开创性的论文后，错误记忆的研究兴趣猛增7，导致该文章日期2800引文。据洛蒂格和麦克德莫特，他们通过复兴创造德泽因为没有可靠的实验范式诱发虚假召回的实验设计，而错误识别的证据“> 8，9没有”小劝阻那些需要更多的自然，连贯的材料来证明强大的错误记忆效应的信仰“2。

“更自然”的范式的一个例子是误传范式10,11。在这个任务中，受试者都通过图片，幻灯片或视频的故事。后来，误导性信息提供，问题是主体是否将这一误导性的资料到他们的故事回味。则DRM任务比在若干方面的误传范例简单。 DRM编码仅需要快速呈现和词的列表的学习，可以在视觉上或听觉上。无论所使用的特定方法为DRM任务检索测试是同样方便。在识别测试参与者都带有日的一个子集Ë编码的话，关键的诱惑的话（ 例如 ，'医生'），以及不相关的诱惑的话，不得不使他们是否还记得每一个字或没有，而在回忆测试中，参与者要记下所有的话简单判断他们能记住。与此相反，对于误传范例自由回忆测试是不切实际的，因为它需要费时内容分析。此外，DRM任务不需要编码和检测之间的任何操作，因为DRM“假记忆'是自发自我生成。误传误差，另一方面，通过外部建议诱导。虽然两者的DRM和误传范式被认为以评估假存储器，更新的研究已经发现小相关（r = 0.12）12或没有关系13,14的误传和DRM效果之间，这表明不同的机制可为播放为每种类型的虚假记忆。此外，DRM幻想被认为是的存储器15的建设性的性质，这可以被认为是一种进化上自适应处理16的副产物。

该DRM虚假记忆效应是不同的研究非常强劲（定量的评论见文献17，18），并有相当的证据表明，DRM任务是相当可靠的27，28。则DRM假记忆效应已经使用各种延迟间隔，包括那些短立即测试发现，这些延迟存储器测试直到60后19，20，21，22 D。警告DRM假象减少，但不会删除，效果14，23的主题。该DRM效果也已发现具有不同编码策略，例如在字显示持续时间24的变化，并可以由几个编码后处理，如睡眠25或应力26而增加。

此外，DRM任务已经用于通过许多实验室研究中的各种主题的人群，例如儿童29，30，31，32和老年人33的假记忆形成，并在各种研究领域，包括个体认知（ 例如 ，工作记忆28，34）和个性差异35，神经影像学36，37，和神经心理学38。尽管它的普及，然而，许多人认为抗T他的DRM任务的普遍性，以及是否DRM错误记忆创造可媲美自然创造的实验室，外假自传体记忆等心理治疗39，40，41恢复虐待儿童的回忆。尽管如此，一些研究发现，受试者认为更容易受到DRM错误记忆也更容易自传体记忆的扭曲42，梦幻般的自传体记忆（外星人绑架43;前世44），并回收自传体记忆45。

总之，DRM任务是调查（重新）的神经认知基础的存储器16，46建设性，无论正在进行的辩论的有关如何应用一个有用的工具ropriate和有关它在自传错误记忆7的研究。在目前的报告中，DRM任务程序最简单的形式中的定位记忆的巩固过程解释，重点（ 即实验操作，如睡眠和压力，编码已完成，因此被作为工具来评估合并后可能出现） ，因为这已在我们的实验室中的焦点。作者读者参考加洛，2013 47对DRM任务的一个很好的回顾，对编码和测试程序的不同变化一起。

Protocol

圣母大学的机构审查委员会批准的所有的程序，包括使用人类受试者，在这里讨论。制备和下面描述的DRM任务材料的管理在发表的研究26，在这种心理压力的下面DRM词表编码的影响进行了评估24小时后进行使用。 1. DRM任务的研制使用来自施泰德，洛蒂格和麦克德莫特48的单词列表，在附录中提出，要选择单词列表适当数量的实验。从…

Representative Results

用这里介绍的过程中，作者已经能够可靠地产生在两个独立的实验的DRM效果;也就是说，受试者回忆和认识，与可以被视为虚假记忆的单词列表的“要点”高概率，不提出微词。 结果实验1（ 见图1和图 2）已在其他地方26日公布。在这个实验中，受试者67到达实验室，听（?…

Discussion

在这份报告中，作者描述了可靠的生产基础依据，错误记忆在人类受试者使用频率高的认知任务。要注意的是，在目前的报告中，DRM任务在其最简单的形式，非常类似于由德泽1和洛蒂格与Mcdermott 2中使用的原始协议之一表示是非常重要的。在这里描述的实验中使用的原始协议的相似度具有一个特定的异常：编码和测试之间长时间的延迟（24，48小时），测试…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all members of the Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab for their help in data collection, particularly Stephen M. Mattingly for proofreading the final manuscript.

Materials

Computer No particular brand/type required.
Headphones No particular brand/type required.
RODE NT1-A 1" cardioid condenser microphone Rode http://www.rode.com/microphones/nt1-a recording equipment used to record the wordlists
Audacity Audacity http://www.audacityteam.org/ for editing the recording of the wordlists
E-Prime  Psychology Software Tools, Inc. https://www.pstnet.com/eprime.cfm for stimuli presentation and/or testing
MS PowerPoint (optional) Microsoft for stimuli presentation and/or testing
MS Word (optional) Microsoft for free recall testing. Any word processor application will work.
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Tags

Keywords: Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) TaskFalse MemoriesCognitive NeuroscienceGist-based False MemoriesWord ListsFalse RecallFalse RecognitionAudio RecordingFree Recall TaskRecognition TaskExperiment Creation Software
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Pardilla-Delgado, E., Payne, J. D. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory. J. Vis. Exp. (119), e54793, doi:10.3791/54793 (2017).
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