Summary

نظام التعرض تدفق من خلال لتقييم موقوف الرواسب التأثيرات على الحياة المائية

Published: January 09, 2017
doi:

Summary

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Abstract

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

Introduction

تستخدم عمليات التجريف الطرق الميكانيكية لإزالة رواسب القاع من الموانئ والقنوات الملاحية. أثناء الإزالة، وعلقت بعض جزء من الرواسب بالانزعاج في عمود الماء، مما يجعل من المحتمل هذا مصدر من الاجهاد البدني إلى الأنواع المائية. بالإضافة إلى أن توقفت، يجوز نقل الرواسب بعيدا عن نعرات الظروف المحيطة قبل أن يستقر للخروج من عمود الماء. الجمع بين هاتين الآليتين يعني أن الأحياء المائية التي تحدث بالقرب من نعرات التشغيل قد يتعرض إلى الرواسب العالقة ويعانون من آثار ضارة. لمعالجة مثل هذه المخاوف، والنوافذ البيئية (القيود التجريف الموسمية) وتستخدم بشكل روتيني كممارسة الإدارة لخفض أو القضاء على خطر الآثار الضارة المحتملة من الرواسب العالقة من عمليات الحفر على الموارد المائية 1،2.

يتم وضع النوافذ البيئية الأكثر شيوعا لحماية المهددة بالانقراض، للتهديد أوالأنواع ذات القيمة التجارية مثل العين رمادية فاتحة اللون (ساندر vitreus) والمحار الشرقي (المقعرة الأمريكية) 3. غالبا ما يركز مبرر دعم لفرض النوافذ البيئية على كيف يمكن أن الأنشطة نعرات يحتمل أن تخل جسديا (على سبيل المثال، الرواسب العالقة) قدرة الحيوان لإكمال جزء محدد من تاريخ حياتها. مراحل الحياة استشهد شيوعا هي البيض واليرقات للحفاظ على طرق الهجرة مفتوحة للأنواع الصاعدة 3. ومع ذلك، هناك معلومات محدودة بشأن الآثار البيولوجية أنواع محددة ذات الصلة مع وقف التنفيذ 4،5 الرواسب متاحة للإبلاغ باستخدام ويندوز البيئية كأداة لإدارة المخاطر.

لهذه الأسباب، تم تصميم ويفر، بنيت، واستخدامها لمحاكاة تعليق من الرواسب، وتحديد آثاره على مراحل الحياة المبكرة من الكائنات المائية. يهرب دراسات تستخدم جزيئات الرسوبيات الحبيبات غرامة (أي الغرين في الغالب،الطين، والرمال الناعمة) التي هي الأكثر احتمالا للبقاء في تعليق وتهاجر أبعد من المصدر. ويهرب قادر على البيض اختبار الأسماك واليرقات، ولكن يمكن أيضا أن تكون تحديثه وتعديله لاستيعاب الكائنات المائية الأخرى، مما يجعل من قدرة فريدة من نوعها. ويمكن بعد ذلك استخدام البيانات استجابة البيولوجية الناتجة لتقييم آثار الرواسب العالقة. وتنص الإجراءات التالية لمحة عامة عن كيف يمكن لهذه التكنولوجيا أن تشييد وتشغيل لانتاج تكرار تركيزات الرواسب العالقة وبيانات الآثار باستخدام الأنواع المائية المختلفة.

Protocol

جميع يهرب التجارب مع أجريت الفقاريات تحت المهندس المناسب مركز البحوث والتنمية (ERDC) مختبر البيئة المؤسسية رعاية الحيوان واستخدام البروتوكولات. 1. يهرب وحدات، حمام الماء، وأحواض السمك <li style=";text-align:right;direction…

Representative Results

يتم إجراء سلسلة من يدير العملية قبل البدء في تجربة للتأكد من أن يهرب هو تقديم التركيزات المناسبة من الرواسب إلى كل حوض السمك (الأقسام 5.5 و 6.2). يوضح الشكل (6) كيف تتم المحافظة على تركيزات جامعة تايوان الوطنية في أحواض التجريبية لتحقيق الهدف عل?…

Discussion

يحسن التكنولوجيا يهرب على الطرق الحالية 4،9 من خلال الحفاظ والسيطرة على الرواسب العالقة على نطاق واسع من التعرض مرات وتركيز الرواسب العالقة باستخدام نظام الكمبيوتر التي تسيطر عليها الآلي. التكنولوجيا هي تلك المرونة التي يمكن استخدامها لتقييم آثار الرواسب الع?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.

Materials

Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium
post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 4
Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft
plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 1
Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft
plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 1
Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft
stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 4
Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in
tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA FBT-226 Quantity: 1
Size: 150-gal
chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 5197 Quantity: 5
Size: 19 L
tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria custom built by ERDC shops N/A Quantity: 5
Size: custom
urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO 60A Liquid Urethane Quantity: 5
Size: epoxy kit
pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA MDX-3-1/2 115 v Quantity: 5
Size: 28 liter per min
light, LED – installed over water bath C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA Hydra 26 Quantity: 2
Size: based on area to light
pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level Local vendor N/A Quantity: –
Size: 1 in
fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA R270900 Quantity: 20
Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT
fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA EW-31303-36 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 in MPT
fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA EW-31303-11 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 62043 Quantity: 20
Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID
fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 62017 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID
tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria Local vendor N/A Quantity: 25 ft
Size: 1/2 in ID
tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain Local vendor N/A Quantity: 25 ft
Size: 5/8 in ID
clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs Local vendor N/A Quantity: 40
Size: #8
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Slurry System
 
chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8586 Quantity: 1
Size: 125 gal
Cover for 125 gallon tank United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8935 Quantity: 1
Size: 42 in x 35 in
valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 2
Size: 1-1/2 in
pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 Quantity: 1

contact distributor
sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA OBS-3+ Quantity: 1
Size: 0-1000 NTU
pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 20 ft
Size: 1 in
pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 10 ft
Size: 1 in
union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 8
Size: 1/2 in
solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA EASYMT4V12R24-PV Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC
contact distributor
fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT
fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 7
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in
tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid Local vendor N/A Quantity: 50 ft
Size: 1/4" ID
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Water System
 
chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8586 Quantity: 1
Size: 125 gal
Cover for 125 gallon tank United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8935 Quantity: 1
Size: 42 in x 35 in
valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 2
Size: 1 in
pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA 3-MD-SC Quantity: 1
Size: 1/12 hp
solenoid, alco – introduce water discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT
fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid  to 1/2 in hose local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID
fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID
fittings, street elbow local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT
fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 12
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 6
Size: 1 in PVC 
fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT
fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size:  4 in long  x 1/4 in 
pipe, PVC  – make connections between tank, pump and chiller local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5 ft
Size: Schedule 40
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software
 
software, LabView National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA LabView 2015 Base Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776571-01 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-00 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 777687-03 Quantity: 2
Size: N/A
SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-02B Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-61 Quantity: 6
Size: N/A
SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 777687-00 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA N/A – legacy Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
used cards available online
sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA OBS-3+ Quantity: 5
Size: 0-1000 NTU

References

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Cite This Article
Suedel, B. C., Wilkens, J. L. A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life. J. Vis. Exp. (119), e54937, doi:10.3791/54937 (2017).

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