对水生生命值评价悬浮泥沙影响的流通系统曝光
Summary
A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.
Abstract
This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.
Introduction
疏浚业务采用机械方法从港口和航道移除底泥。期间除去，扰动沉积物的某些部分悬浮到水柱，有可能使这种物理应力对水生物种的来源。除了被暂停，沉积物可能水柱沉淀出来之前被运送由环境条件的疏通程。这两种机制的结合意味着附近的操作疏通发生的水生生物可能会接触到悬浮物和遭受不利影响。为了解决这些顾虑，环保窗口（季节性疏浚限制）通常被用作管理做法，以减少或消除对水产资源1,2挖泥活动悬浮物的潜在有害影响的风险。
环保窗口最常成立保护濒危，受威胁或商业价值的物种，如角膜白斑（ 桑德vitreus）和东部牡蛎（ 牡蛎锦葵 ）3。对于征收环境窗户的支撑理由往往侧重于如何疏通活动可能潜在的物理干扰（ 如泥沙）动物的完成其生活史的特定部分的能力。通常提到的生命阶段是卵和幼虫保持迁徙路线开放溯河产卵种3。然而，没有关于特定物种相关的可用的使用环境的视窗作为一种风险管理工具来通知悬浮沉积物4,5-生物效应的有限信息。
由于这些原因，在逃离了设计，制造，和用于模拟沉积物的悬浮液，并确定其对水生生物的生命早期阶段的影响。出逃研究使用细化泥沙颗粒（ 即主要是泥沙，粘土和细砂），这是最有可能留在悬浮液中和从源迁移最远。的逃走能够测试鱼卵和幼虫，但它也可以被改造以容纳其他水生生物，使其成为独特能力。然后将所得的生物反应数据可用于评估悬浮沉积物的影响。以下过程提供的技术如何能构建和运行产生使用各种水产品种重复的悬浮泥沙浓度和效果数据的概述。
Protocol
与脊椎动物都是按照相应的工程师研究与发展中心（ERDC）环境实验室机构动物护理和使用协议执行的所有出逃实验。 1.出逃模块，水浴和水族馆获取木材的帖子，螺柱和胶合板用于构建模块。构建模块（在数量和大小）类似于基本工作台满足研究目标。 切割的顶部和货架的胶合板（0.127厘米）。削减腿的职位（10.16点¯x10.16厘米）。对于顶部，切螺栓（5.08点¯x10…
Representative Results
一系列操作运行的开始的实验以确保逃离被递送沉积物的适当浓度，以每水族馆（第5.5和6.2节）之前进行。 图6显示NTU浓度如何维护实验水族箱实现目标悬浮泥沙浓度。在这个例子中，逃离评价悬浮沉积物是否可以维持在一个三天期与提出的测试沉积物，曝光的典型此类实验模拟中的字段典型的曝光的持续时间。在水族箱中的每一个设置为始终保持在为期三天…
Discussion
在逃离技术改进了使用自动化，计算机控制系统通过保持和在宽范围内的曝光时间控制悬浮沉积物现有方法4,9和悬浮物的浓度。该技术是柔性的，使得它可以用来评估悬浮沉积物到多个水生物种和从鸡蛋大小不等取决于物种成年人生命阶段的影响。今后，该技术能够评估悬沙效果，沉水植物。
该出逃已成功地用于生成各种物种，如角膜白斑5,10，大西洋鲟1…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.
Materials
| Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium | |||
| post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft |
| plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft |
| stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 4 Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in |
| tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water | Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA | FBT-226 | Quantity: 1 Size: 150-gal |
| chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 5197 | Quantity: 5 Size: 19 L |
| tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria | custom built by ERDC shops | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: custom |
| urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking | Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO | 60A Liquid Urethane | Quantity: 5 Size: epoxy kit |
| pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium | March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA | MDX-3-1/2 115 v | Quantity: 5 Size: 28 liter per min |
| light, LED – installed over water bath | C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA | Hydra 26 | Quantity: 2 Size: based on area to light |
| pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: – Size: 1 in |
| fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines | Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA | R270900 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-36 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in MPT |
| fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead | Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA | EW-31303-11 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62043 | Quantity: 20 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 62017 | Quantity: 10 Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 1/2 in ID |
| tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 25 ft Size: 5/8 in ID |
| clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 40 Size: #8 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Slurry System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1-1/2 in |
| pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry | Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK | P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 | Quantity: 1 contact distributor |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank | Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 1 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
| pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 20 ft Size: 1 in |
| pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 10 ft Size: 1 in |
| union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 8 Size: 1/2 in |
| solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry | Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA | EASYMT4V12R24-PV | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC contact distributor |
| fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT |
| fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 7 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in |
| tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid | Local vendor | N/A | Quantity: 50 ft Size: 1/4" ID |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Water System | |||
| chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir | Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA | CFF-500 | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/2 hp |
| 125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8586 | Quantity: 1 Size: 125 gal |
| Cover for 125 gallon tank | United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA | 8935 | Quantity: 1 Size: 42 in x 35 in |
| valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 2 Size: 1 in |
| pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller | Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA | 3-MD-SC | Quantity: 1 Size: 1/12 hp |
| solenoid, alco – introduce water | discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT |
| fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid to 1/2 in hose | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID |
| fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID |
| fittings, street elbow | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT |
| fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 12 Size: 1/2 in |
| fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 6 Size: 1 in PVC |
| fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT |
| fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 Size: 4 in long x 1/4 in |
| pipe, PVC – make connections between tank, pump and chiller | local plumbing vendor | N/A | Quantity: 5 ft Size: Schedule 40 |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software | |||
| software, LabView | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | LabView 2015 Base | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776571-01 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-03 | Quantity: 2 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-02B | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 776572-61 | Quantity: 6 Size: N/A |
| SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | 777687-00 | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A |
| PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 | National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA | N/A – legacy | Quantity: 1 Size: N/A used cards available online |
| sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium | Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA | OBS-3+ | Quantity: 5 Size: 0-1000 NTU |
References
- National Research Council (NRC). A process for setting, managing, and monitoring environmental windows for dredging projects. Marine Board, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 262. , (2001).
- Suedel, B. C., Kim, J., Clarke, D. G., Linkov, I. A risk-informed decision framework for setting environmental windows for dredging projects. Sci Total Environ. 403, 1-11 (2008).
- Reine, K. J., Dickerson, D. D., Clarke, D. G. Environmental windows associated with dredging operations. DOER Technical Notes Collection. ERDC TN DOER-E2. , (1998).
- Wilber, D. H., Clarke, D. G. Biological effects of suspended sediments: A review of suspended sediment impacts on fish and shellfish with relation to dredging activities in estuaries. N Am J Fish Manag. 21, 855-875 (2001).
- Suedel, B. C., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, J. U., Clarke, D. G. The effects of suspended sediment on walleye (Sander vitreus) eggs. J. Soils Sediments. 12, 995-1003 (2012).
- Travis, J., Kring, J. . LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun (National Instruments Virtual Instrumentation Series). , (2006).
- Hazardous Waste Test Methods/SW-846 On-line. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Available from: https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-compendium (2016)
- Plumb, R. H. . Procedure for handling and chemical analysis of sediment and water samples, EPA/CE-81-1. , (1981).
- Clarke, D. G., Wilber, D. H. . Assessment of potential impacts of dredging operations due to sediment resuspension. , (2000).
- Suedel, B. C., Clarke, J. U., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, D. G., Godard-Codding, C., Maul, J. Suspended sediment effects on walleye (Sander vitreus). J. Great Lakes Res. 40, 141-148 (2014).
- Wilkens, J. L., Katzenmeyer, A. W., Hahn, N. M., Hoover, J. J., Suedel, B. C. Laboratory test of suspended sediment effects on short-term survival and swimming performance of juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). J. Appl. Ichthy. 31, 984-990 (2015).
- Suedel, B. C., Clarke, J. U., Wilkens, J., Lutz, C. H., Clarke, D. G. The effects of a simulated sediment plume on eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) survival, growth, and condition. Estuaries and Coasts. 38 (2), 578-589 (2015).
- Bilotta, G. S., Brazier, R. E. Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water chemistry and aquatic biota. Water Res. 42, 2849-2861 (2008).
- Reine, K., Clarke, D., Dickerson, C., Pickard, S. Assessment of potential impacts of bucket dredging plumes on walleye spawning habitat in Maumee Bay, Ohio. Proceedings of the 18th World Dredging Congress (WODCON XVIII). , (2007).
Cite This Article
Suedel, B. C., Wilkens, J. L. A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life. J. Vis. Exp. (119), e54937, doi:10.3791/54937 (2017).