Modellering Amyloid-β42 toksicitet og Neurodegeneration i voksen zebrafisk hjerne
Summary
Denne protokol beskriver syntese, karakterisering og injektion af monomere amyloid-β42 peptider til at generere amyloid toksicitet i voksen zebrafisk at etablere en Alzheimers sygdom model, efterfulgt af histologiske analyser og påvisning af sammenlægninger.
Abstract
Alzheimers sygdom (AD) er en invaliderende neurodegenerativ sygdom i hvilken ophobning af giftige amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) peptider fører til synaptic degeneration, betændelse, neuronal død, og lære underskud. Mennesker kan ikke regenerere tabte neuroner for annonce delvis på grund af nedsat proliferativ kapacitet af neurale stem/stamceller (NSPCs) og reduceret neurogenese. Derfor, effektive regenerative behandlinger bør også forbedre spredningen og neurogen NSPCs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) er en regenerativ skadegoereren, og vi kan lære de grundlæggende molekylære programmer, som vi kunne designe terapeutiske tilgange til at tackle annonce. Af denne grund var generation af en AD-lignende model i zebrafisk nødvendigt. Ved hjælp af vores metodik, kan vi indføre syntetiske derivater af Aβ42 peptid hos væv gennemtrængende evne i voksen zebrafisk hjernen og analysere sygdom patologi og regenerativ respons. Fordelen i forhold til eksisterende metoder eller dyremodeller er at zebrafisk kan lære os, hvordan en hvirveldyr hjerne kan naturligvis regenerere og således hjælpe os med at behandle menneskelige neurodegenerative sygdomme bedre ved at målrette endogene NSPCs. Derfor, den amyloid-toksicitet model etableret i hjernen, voksen zebrafisk kan åbne nye muligheder for forskning inden for neurovidenskab og klinisk medicin. Derudover simpel udførelse af denne metode giver mulighed for omkostningseffektiv og effektiv eksperimentelle vurdering. Dette manuskript beskriver syntese og injektion af Aβ42 peptider i zebrafisk hjernen.
Introduction
Annonce er en kronisk fremadskridende sygdom karakteriseret ved tab af neuroner og synapser i hjernebarken1,2,3,4,5. Klassisk Neuropatologisk kendetegnende for annonce er aflejring af amyloid peptider og dannelsen af den neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)6. Senile plaques, også kaldet amyloid plaques, er sammensat af amyloid-β (Aβ) peptider, der danner β-plisseret strukturer i hjernen parenkym5. Ophobning af Aβ42 i AD patienter har en tidlig og kritiske rolle i sygdomsprogression. Annonce udløser en kaskade af begivenheder, der førte til synaptic dysfunktion, nedsat plasticitet og neuronal tab7,8,9,10.
Den voksne hjerne af teleost zebrafisk fungerer som en fremragende model til at studere reguleringen af stamcelle plasticitet11,12,13,14,15, 16,17,18,19,20 og forskellige sygdomme i centralnervesystemet (CNS), herunder AD21,22,23 ,24. På grund af en bred vifte af tilgængelige eksperimentelle metoder19,20,25,26,27,28,29, 30 , 31, disse undersøgelser er informative og gennemførlige. Zebrafisk kan genopbygge CNS13,15,32,33,34,35,36,37, 38, dels ved hjælp af molekylære programmer aktiveres efter neuronal tab19,39,40,41,42,43, 44. Derfor, om oprettelse af en neurodegenerativ sygdom model i zebrafisk kan hjælpe adresse roman spørgsmål vedrørende regenerative evne og stamceller biologi i hvirveldyr hjerner.
For nylig har udviklet vi en amyloid toksicitet model i voksen zebrafisk hjernen ved at indsprøjte syntetiske Aβ42 peptider (tabel 1)39. Denne injektion forårsaget neurodegeneration fænotyper minder om menneskelige hjerne patologi (fxcelledød, microglial aktivering, synaptic degeneration og hukommelse underskud), der angiver, at zebrafisk kan bruges til at fremkalde neurodegeneration i zebrafisk hjernen, Aβ42 peptider kan spores med immunhistokemiske stainings, og molekylære mekanismer for regenerering i voksen zebrafisk CNS kan være identificeret39. I denne protokol vise vi injektion af syntetiske amyloid peptider i zebrafisk hjernen ved hjælp af en cerebroventricular indsprøjtning (CVMI) metode27,39,45,46 at efterligne amyloid aflejring (figur 1). CVMI giver en ny måde at levere peptider, som samlede på injektion som β-plade strukturer og udøve toksicitet. Peptider er fordelt jævnt over hele hjernen, målretning ventrikulær området langs hele rostro-caudale akse45. Derudover tillader denne metode til at analysere de morfologiske og molekylære svar af NSPCs i voksen zebrafisk hjernen efter amyloid optagelser. Disse undersøgelser vil give os et indblik for vellykket hjernen reparation i pattedyr. Vores metode kan bruges til at forstå den nødvendige molekylær mekanisme for en vellykket regenerering svar efter annonce-lignende symptomer til at fremkalde opfyldning af tabte neuroner og funktionel genopretning.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
De amyloid peptider kan ændres til at omfatte sekvens variationer eller forskellige tags. For eksempel, en scrambled amyloid peptid kan genereres, og peptider kan mærket med fluorescerende tags på N-terminus peptid afslutning eller markeret med carrier peptider39. Ligeledes, i denne protokol, carrier peptid er den celle-gennemtrængende peptid TR på grund af sin effektivitet til transport cargo dybt i hjernen væv39. Derudover tillader vores metode til injektion og anal…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Dette arbejde blev støttet af DZNE og Helmholtz Association (VH-NG-1021), CRTD, TU Dresden (FZ-111, 043_261518) og DFG (KI1524/6) (C.K.); og af Leibniz Association (SAW-2011-IPF-2) og BMBF (BioLithoMorphie 03Z2E512) (Y.Z.). Vi vil også gerne takke Ulrike Hofmann for peptidsyntese og Nandini Asokan, Prayag Murawala og Elly Tanaka til hjælp under optagelserne af proceduren.
Materials
| Fmoc-protected amino acids | IRIS Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany) | Fmoc-based amino acids for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) | |
| N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) | IRIS Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany) | RL-1030 | Activator |
| Oxyma | IRIS Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany) | RL-1180 | Racemization supressor |
| N,N-Diisopropylethylamine | IRIS Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany) | SOL-003 | Base |
| Dimethylformamide | IRIS Biotech GmbH (Marktredwitz, Germany) | SOL-004 | Solvent |
| N-Methylmorpholine | Thermo Fisher (Kandel) GmbH, Germany | A12158 | Base |
| 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT) | Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO, USA) | 157260 ALDRICH | Activator |
| Piperidine | MERCK KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) | 822299 | Fmoc deprotection reagent |
| Dichlormethane (DCM) | MERCK KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) | 106050 | Solvent |
| Formic acid (FA) | MERCK KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) | 100264 | Buffer component for HPLC |
| Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) | MERCK KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) | 808260 | Clevage Mixture reagent |
| Triisopropylsilane(TIS) | MERCK KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) | 233781 ALDRICH | Clevage Mixture reagent |
| Acetonitrile (for UPLC/LCMS) | Sigma-Aldrich Laborchemikalien GmbH | 34967-1L | Solvent |
| Acetonitrile (for HPLC) | VWR International Ltd, England | 83639.320 | Solvent |
| Diethylether | VWR International Ltd, England | 23811.326 | Solvent for peptide precipitation |
| Dithiotritol (DTT) | VWR International Ltd, England | 0281-25G | Clevage Mixture reagent |
| TentaGel S RAM Fmoc rink amide resin | Rapp Polymere GmbH (Tuebingen, Germany) | S30023 | Solid phase for SPPS |
| Peptide synthesis 5 ml syringes with included filters | Intavis AG (Cologne, Germany) | 34.274 | Reaction tube for SPPS and for clevage from the Solid Phase |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter | Sartorius Stedtim (Aubagne, France) | 11806-50-N | Filteration of precipitated peptides |
| Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) syringe filter | Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG Karlsruhe | KC78.1 | Pre-filteration for HPLC |
| Peptide Synthesizer | Intavis, Cologne, Germany | ResPep SL | Automated solid-phase peptide synthesizer |
| Water Alliance HPLC | Waters, Milford Massachusetts, USA | Waters 2998, Waters e2695 | Semi-preparative reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) |
| PolymerX, bead size 10μm, 250×10 mm | Phenomenex Ltd. Germany | 00G-4328-N0 | Porous polystyrene divinylbenzene HPLC column |
| Milli-Q Advantage A10, with a Milli-Q filter | EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA | LCPAK0001 | Water purification system |
| Filtration Unit | Sartorius Stedtim (Aubagne, France) | 16307 | Filtration unit for peptide precipitation |
| UPLC Aquity with UV Detector | Waters, Milford Massachusetts, USA | M09UPA 664M | Analytical reverse phase ultra HPLC for LC-MS |
| ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18, bead size 1.7 μm, 50×2.1 mm | Waters, Milford Massachusetts, USA | 186002350 | Analytical C18 column |
| ACQUITY TQ Detector | Waters, Milford Massachusetts, USA | QBB908 | Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) |
| CHRIST ALPHA 2-4 LD plus + vacuubrand RZ6 | Martin Christ Gefriertrocknungsanlagen GmbH, Germany | 16706, 101542 | Lyophilizer with vaccum pump |
| Paradigm plate reader | Beckman Coulter | ||
| MESAB (ethyl-m-aminobenzoate methanesulphonate) | Sigma-Aldrich | A5040 | |
| Petri dishes | Sarstedt | 821.472 | |
| Phosphate-buffered saline | Life Technologies, GIBCO | 10010-056 | |
| Needle | Becton-Dickinson | 305178 | |
| Dissecting microscope | Olympus, Leica, Zeiss | Varies with the manufacturer | |
| Dumont Tweezers | World Precision Instruments | 501985 | |
| Gillies Dissecting Forceps | World Precision Instruments | 501265 | |
| Glass injection capillaries | World Precision Instruments | TWF10 | |
| PicoNozzle | World Precision Instruments | 5430-12 | |
| Pneumatic PicoPump | World Precision Instruments | SYS-PV820 | |
| Ring illuminator; Ring Light Guide | Parkland Scientific | ILL-RLG | |
| Cryostat | Leica | CM1950 |
References
- LaFerla, F. M., Green, K. N. Animal models of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2 (11), (2012).
- Selkoe, D. J. Alzheimer’s disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol Rev. 81 (2), 741-766 (2001).
- Serpell, L. C. Alzheimer’s amyloid fibrils: structure and assembly. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1502 (1), 16-30 (2000).
- Beyreuther, K., Masters, C. L. Alzheimer’s disease. The ins and outs of amyloid-beta. Nature. 389 (6652), 677-678 (1997).
- Glenner, G. G., Wong, C. W. Alzheimer’s disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 120 (3), 885-890 (1984).
- Blennow, K., de Leon, M. J., Zetterberg, H. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 368 (9533), 387-403 (2006).
- Hardy, J. The amyloid hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease: a critical reappraisal. J Neurochem. 110 (4), 1129-1134 (2009).
- McGowan, E., et al. Abeta42 is essential for parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposition in mice. Neuron. 47 (2), 191-199 (2005).
- Hardy, J., Selkoe, D. J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 297 (5580), 353-356 (2002).
- Tincer, G., Mashkaryan, V., Bhattarai, P., Kizil, C. Neural stem/progenitor cells in Alzheimer’s disease. Yale J Biol Med. 89 (1), 23-35 (2016).
- Diotel, N., et al. Effects of estradiol in adult neurogenesis and brain repair in zebrafish. Horm Behav. 63 (2), 193-207 (2013).
- Grandel, H., Brand, M. Comparative aspects of adult neural stem cell activity in vertebrates. Dev Genes Evol. 223 (1-2), 131-147 (2013).
- Kizil, C., Kaslin, J., Kroehne, V., Brand, M. Adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol. 72 (3), 429-461 (2012).
- Diotel, N., et al. Cxcr4 and Cxcl12 expression in radial glial cells of the brain of adult zebrafish. J Comp Neurol. 518 (24), 4855-4876 (2010).
- Zupanc, G. K. Adult neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration in the brain of teleost fish. J Physiol Paris. 102 (4-6), 357-373 (2008).
- Adolf, B., et al. Conserved and acquired features of adult neurogenesis in the zebrafish telencephalon. Dev Biol. 295 (1), 278-293 (2006).
- Grandel, H., Kaslin, J., Ganz, J., Wenzel, I., Brand, M. Neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish brain: origin, proliferation dynamics, migration and cell fate. Dev Biol. 295 (1), 263-277 (2006).
- Kaslin, J., Ganz, J., Brand, M. Proliferation, neurogenesis and regeneration in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 363 (1489), 101-122 (2008).
- Alunni, A., Bally-Cuif, L. A comparative view of regenerative neurogenesis in vertebrates. Development. 143 (5), 741-753 (2016).
- Than-Trong, E., Bally-Cuif, L. Radial glia and neural progenitors in the adult zebrafish central nervous system. Glia. 63 (8), 1406-1428 (2015).
- Santana, S., Rico, E. P., Burgos, J. S. Can zebrafish be used as animal model to study Alzheimer’s disease?. Am J Neurodegener Dis. 1 (1), 32-48 (2012).
- Newman, M., Verdile, G., Martins, R. N., Lardelli, M. Zebrafish as a tool in Alzheimer’s disease research. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1812 (3), 346-352 (2010).
- Paquet, D., et al. A zebrafish model of tauopathy allows in vivo imaging of neuronal cell death and drug evaluation. J Clin Invest. 119 (5), 1382-1395 (2009).
- Xi, Y., Noble, S., Ekker, M. Modeling neurodegeneration in zebrafish. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 11 (3), 274-282 (2011).
- Barbosa, J. S., et al. Live imaging of adult neural stem cell behavior in the intact and injured zebrafish brain. Science. 348 (6236), 789-793 (2015).
- Dray, N., et al. Large-scale live imaging of adult neural stem cells in their endogenous niche. Development. 142 (20), 3592-3600 (2015).
- Kizil, C., Brand, M. Cerebroventricular microinjection (CVMI) into adult zebrafish brain is an efficient misexpression method for forebrain ventricular cells. PLoS One. 6 (11), e27395 (2011).
- Chapouton, P., Godinho, L. Neurogenesis. Methods Cell Biol. 100, 73-126 (2010).
- Chen, C. H., Durand, E., Wang, J., Zon, L. I., Poss, K. D. zebraflash transgenic lines for in vivo bioluminescence imaging of stem cells and regeneration in adult zebrafish. Development. 140 (24), 4988-4997 (2013).
- McKenna, A., et al. Whole-organism lineage tracing by combinatorial and cumulative genome editing. Science. 353 (6298), (2016).
- Mokalled, M. H., et al. Injury-induced ctgfa directs glial bridging and spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. Science. 354 (6312), 630-634 (2016).
- Kishimoto, N., Shimizu, K., Sawamoto, K. Neuronal regeneration in a zebrafish model of adult brain injury. Dis Model Mech. 5 (2), 200-209 (2012).
- Fleisch, V. C., Fraser, B., Allison, W. T. Investigating regeneration and functional integration of CNS neurons: lessons from zebrafish genetics and other fish species. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1812 (3), 364-380 (2010).
- Chapouton, P., Jagasia, R., Bally-Cuif, L. Adult neurogenesis in non-mammalian vertebrates. Bioessays. 29 (8), 745-757 (2007).
- Becker, T., et al. Readiness of zebrafish brain neurons to regenerate a spinal axon correlates with differential expression of specific cell recognition molecules. J Neurosci. 18 (15), 5789-5803 (1998).
- Rothenaigner, I., et al. Clonal analysis by distinct viral vectors identifies bona fide neural stem cells in the adult zebrafish telencephalon and characterizes their division properties and fate. Development. 138 (8), 1459-1469 (2011).
- Marz, M., Schmidt, R., Rastegar, S., Strahle, U. Regenerative response following stab injury in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. Dev Dyn. 240 (9), 2221-2231 (2012).
- Kroehne, V., Freudenreich, D., Hans, S., Kaslin, J., Brand, M. Regeneration of the adult zebrafish brain from neurogenic radial glia-type progenitors. Development. 138 (22), 4831-4841 (2011).
- Bhattarai, P., et al. IL4/STAT6 signaling activates neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis upon Amyloid-β42 aggregation in adult zebrafish brain. Cell Reports. 17 (4), 941-948 (2016).
- Cosacak, M. I., Papadimitriou, C., Kizil, C. Regeneration, Plasticity, and Induced Molecular Programs in Adult Zebrafish Brain. Biomed Res Int. , (2015).
- Kizil, C., et al. The chemokine receptor cxcr5 regulates the regenerative neurogenesis response in the adult zebrafish brain. Neural Dev. 7, 27 (2012).
- Kizil, C., et al. Regenerative neurogenesis from neural progenitor cells requires injury-induced expression of Gata3. Dev Cell. 23 (6), 1230-1237 (2012).
- Kyritsis, N., et al. Acute inflammation initiates the regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Science. 338 (6112), 1353-1356 (2012).
- Katz, S., et al. . Cell Rep. 17 (5), 1383-1398 (2016).
- Kizil, C., et al. Efficient cargo delivery using a short cell-penetrating peptide in vertebrate brains. PLoS One. 10 (4), e0124073 (2015).
- Kizil, C., Iltzsche, A., Kaslin, J., Brand, M. Micromanipulation of gene expression in the adult zebrafish brain using cerebroventricular microinjection of morpholino oligonucleotides. J Vis Exp. (75), e50415 (2013).
- Sewald, N., Jakubke, H. . Peptides: Chemistry and Biology. , (2009).
- Beyer, I., et al. Solid-Phase Synthesis and Characterization of N-Terminally Elongated Abeta-3-x -Peptides. Chemistry. 22 (25), 8685-8693 (2016).
- Zheng, Y., et al. Kinesin-1 inhibits the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide as detected by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. FEBS Lett. 590 (7), 1028-1037 (2016).
- Balducci, C., Forloni, G. In Vivo Application of Beta Amyloid Oligomers: a Simple Tool to Evaluate Mechanisms of Action and New Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Pharm Des. 20 (15), 2491-2505 (2013).
- Schiffer, N. W., et al. Identification of anti-prion compounds as efficient inhibitors of polyglutamine protein aggregation in a zebrafish model. J Biol Chem. 282 (12), 9195-9203 (2007).
- Wieduwild, R., Tsurkan, M., Chwalek, K., Murawala, P., Nowak, M., Freudenberg, U., Neinhuis, C., Werner, C., Zhang, Y. Minimal peptide motif for non-covalent peptide-heparin hydrogels. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (8), 2919-2922 (2013).
