合成 Cathinones の急速な検出のための推定ツールとして色スポット テスト
Summary
合成 cathinones、新しい向精神物質のクラスの検出のためのシンプル、安価で、選択的な化学的スポット テスト プロトコルをご紹介します。プロトコルは、違法材が発生する法執行機関の様々 な地域での使用に適しています。
Abstract
合成 cathinones は、世界的に法執行機関と他のボーダー保護機関製薬発作でますます普及している新しい精神活性物質 (NPS) の大規模なクラスです。色テストは、迅速かつ単純な化学的方法を使用して特定の薬剤クラスの存在の有無を示す推定同定法です。比較的最近の彼らの出現のおかげで、合成 cathinones の特定の識別のための色テストは現在使用できません。本研究で紹介する合成 cathinones の推定同定のためのプロトコル 3 水溶液、試薬を用いた: 2, 9-ジメチル-1, 10-フェナントロリン (ネオクプロイン) 銅 (ii) 硝酸、酢酸ナトリウム。小さなピンの頭サイズの量 (約 0.1 0.2 mg) スポット磁器の井戸に追加被疑薬剤のプレートと各試薬は、滴下順番にホット プレートで加熱する前に。非常に明るい青から黄色、オレンジに色変更後 10 分は合成 cathinones の可能性の存在を示します。高い安定性特定の試薬法医学研究室で合成 cathinones 未知試料の推定のスクリーニングに使用する可能性があります。ただし、色変更結果の追加加熱ステップの迷惑は研究室のアプリケーションにテストを制限、フィールド テストに簡単に翻訳の可能性が低くなります。
Introduction
違法薬物市場は進化し、変化する市場に適応し続けることにより従来のビジネスと同様に動作します。現代の科学技術の進歩によって、具体的には、強力なコミュニケーションのグローバルな不拡散を見ている暗い純1と広範な知識を共有するオンライン フォーラム2を介してユーザー間で高められたオンライン購入。化学の進歩と組み合わせることで、新しい向精神物質 (NPS) の急速な出現は国際および国民の薬剤制御のための深刻な挑戦を作成されます。
NPS は、国際的な制御の下で薬剤と同様の効果を持つ虐待の危険性のある物質です。「法的」の選択肢として販売当初、739 NPS と報告された国際連合事務局薬剤および罪 (UNODC) の 2009 年と 20163間。最新のアニュアル レポートによると NPS のレコード番号は、オーストラリアとの国境に、これらの分析の多数合成 cathinones4として識別されるさらに握られました。グローバル規模で合成 cathinones の発作が着実に増加して以来、2010 年に最初に報告され、最もよく握られた NPS5の 1 つ。
NPS によってもたらされる課題は、ディスカッション6、7の主に公開されたトピックをされています。法医学研究所、法執行担当者は、検出して彼らの急速な出現中に NPS を識別する場所に適切なメソッドがなければ不利に残っていた。握られた材料の合成 cathinones を含む NPS の検出に広範な研究は、ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析法 (GC/MS)8と液体クロマトグラフィー ・高解像度質量分析法 (LC HRMS)9を採用しています。検証的解析。赤外ラマン分光の10とリアルタイム質量分析法 (ダーツ MS)11,の直接分析などの周囲のイオン化質量分析法による分析を見ている最小限のサンプル準備のための需要の増加12. 分野で迅速、高感度の分析の必要性は法律施行13紙スプレー イオン化質量分析法 (PSI MS) の使用するためのポータブル デバイスへの取り込みを見ても。多くの楽器のテクニックは、高感度検出と定量結果検証分析を提供します。しかし、高いスループット分析のためサンプルの準備、実行時間、および計器飛行訓練とメンテナンスのため時間がかかる彼らすることができます。
推定色テストは、テスト サンプル14で特定の薬物クラスの存在の有無を示唆する設計されています。科学的なワーキング グループのため、解析の押収した薬 (SWGDRUG) は、紫外分光法と免疫15と並んで、最も目の肥えた電力手法としてテスト色を分類します。ただし、他の技術と比較して大幅に低コストで迅速な結果を提供する手段として法の執行および他の保証人員によってまだ広く用いられます。主な利点提供スポット色試験方法、ポータブル テスト キットを使用してフィールドでそれらを実行する機能です。
色テストの選択性は、実験試薬と色の変化を作成する興味の薬剤クラス間で発生する個々 の化学反応に依存します。現在推定テスト プロトコル合成 cathinones のみを検出するための特定のテストを欠如します。特異性を欠いているし、有害物質が含まれている一般的に使用される試薬が用いられます。その他の推奨される試薬ない可能な合成 cathinone 物質16の大規模な数の検査を受けました。
この作業の目的は、未知の組成の違法物質の合成 cathinones の予備審査のための利害関係者によって容易に採用することができます単純な色テスト プロトコルを提示することです。利害関係者には、法執行機関、国境保護機関、法医学研究所、その他関連するセキュリティ担当者が含まれます。提案手法では、電子を受け入れる銅複雑な試薬、電子豊富な合成 cathinone 薬物分子間で発生する酸化還元反応を採用しています。これらの化学的方法の開発を使用して、合成 cathinones の存在を示唆する推定の色テストの形でそれらを適用できます。
Protocol
1. 色テスト試薬溶液の調製 注: 乾燥の 100 mL ビーカーに銅硝酸三水和物の 0.12 g の重量を量る。純水 (DI) 30 mL を追加し、慎重にすべての固体を溶解する室温で旋回します。100 mL のメスフラスコにこの溶液を注ぐし、純水の校正マークがいっぱい。この準備されたソリューションは試薬 1 です。注: 試薬 1 は、他の銅 (ii) 塩、例えば銅 (ii) 塩化物を用いて調製できま…
Representative Results
テスト プロトコル Philpらで説明の結果、いくつかの研究で検証されています。17. 色試験方法は推定的色を通して未知試料の合成 cathinones が水色から黄色-オレンジ (図 1) に変更を検出することができます。黄色とオレンジの色は、肯定的なテストの結果と他の色が変わる、非常に弱い黄色を含むまたは heatingare の否定的?…
Discussion
この色テスト プロトコルはアル Obaidらによって公開された実験的な作品から適応されました。18作者が色の変化を示した cathinone アラビアチャノキ植物から抽出の存在下で発生します。公開されているプロトコルに対する変更が推定の違法薬物検出への応用を予見する必要でした。最も重要な考慮事項は、反応のスケールを減らすことでした。本稿で説明されたプロ?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
著者は、オーストラリア政府研究プログラムに奨学金研修を通じてモルガン Philp の支援を認めると思います。
Materials
| Chemicals | |||
| Reagents and solvents | |||
| neocuproine hemihydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | 72090 | ≥99.0%. Acute toxicity |
| copper(II) nitrate trihydrate | Sigma Aldrich | 61197 | 98.0%-103% |
| sodium acetate | Ajax Finechem | AJA680 | anhydrous |
| hydrochloric acid | RCI Labscan | RP 1106 | 36%. Corrosive |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Powders | |||
| ascorbic acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 104 | L |
| benzocaine | Sigma-Aldrich | E1501 | |
| benzoic acid | Sigma-Aldrich | 242381 | ≥99.5% |
| boric acid | Silform Chemicals | R27410 | |
| caffeine | Sigma-Aldrich | C0750 | |
| cellulose | Sigma-Aldrich | 435236 | microcrystalline |
| calcium chloride | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 960 | |
| citric acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 160 | |
| codeine phosphate | Glaxo | – | Acute toxicity |
| cysteine | Sigma-Aldrich | 168149 | L |
| dimethylsulfone | Sigma-Aldrich | M81705 | 98% |
| ephedrine HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | 285749 | 99%. Acute toxicity |
| glucose | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 783 | D, anhydrous |
| glutathione | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 234 | |
| glycine | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 1083 | |
| lactose | Sigma | L254 | D, monohydrate |
| levamisole HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | PHR1798 | Acute toxicity |
| magnesium sulphate | Scharlau | MA0080 | anhydrous, extra pure |
| maltose | AJAX Finechem LABCHEM | 1126 | Bacteriological |
| mannitol | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 310 | |
| O-acetylsalicylic Acid | Sigma-Aldrich | A5376 | |
| phenethylamine | Sigma-Aldrich | 241008 | |
| phenolphthalein | AJAX Finechem LABCHEM | 368 | Acute toxicity |
| potassium carbonate | Chem-Supply | PA021 | AR, anhydrous |
| sodium carbonate | Chem-Supply | SA099 | AR, anhydrous |
| sodium chloride | Rowe Scientific | CC10363 | |
| starch | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 1254 | soluble |
| stearic acid | AJAX Finechem UNILAB | 1255 | |
| sucrose | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 530 | |
| tartaric acid | AJAX Finechem UNIVAR | 537 | (+) |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Household products | |||
| artificial sweetener | ALDI Be Light | n/a | Contains aspartame |
| brown sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| icing sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| caster sugar | CSR | n/a | |
| paracetamol tablet | Panadol | n/a | |
| protein powder | Aussie Bodies ProteinFX | n/a | |
| self-raising | Woolworths Australia Homebrand | n/a | |
| plain flour | Woolworths Australia Homebrand | n/a | |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Reference compounds | controlled or illegal substances | ||
| Cathinone-type substances | |||
| 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone HCl (MOPPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1024 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-phenyl-2-methylamino-pentan-1-one HCl | Lipomed | PTD-1507-HC | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,3-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,3-DMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10970.12 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,4,5-trimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4,5-TMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10927.13 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (2,4-DMMC) | Chiron Chemicals | 10971.12 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-benzylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-butanone HCl (BMDB) | Chiron Chemicals | 10925.18 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoromethcathinone HCl (2-FMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1275.64 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-methylmethcathinone HCl (2-MMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.02 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D973 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone HCl (DMMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D962 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone HCl (MDMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D942 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D977 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone HCl (MDPV) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D951b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-bromomethcathinone HCl (3-BMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1035 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-fluoromethcathinone HCl (3-FMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D947b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3-methylmethcathinone HCl (3-MMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.03 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromomethcathinone HCl (4-BMC) | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 1387.11 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoromethcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D969 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxymethcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D952 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D968 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylmethcathinone HCl (4-MMC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D937b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-N-benzylcathinone HCl (4-MBC) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1026 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D964 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D974 | Acute toxicity potential |
| cathinone HCl (bk-amphetamine) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D929 | Acute toxicity potential |
| dibutylone HCl (bk-DMBDB) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1027 | Acute toxicity potential |
| iso-ethcathinone HCl | Chiron Chemicals | 10922.11 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D724 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D960 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N,N-diethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D957 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N,N-dimethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D958 | Acute toxicity potential |
| naphthylpyrovalerone HCl (naphyrone) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D981 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxycathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D959 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethylbuphedrone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1013 | Acute toxicity potential |
| N-ethylcathinone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D938b | Acute toxicity potential |
| pentylone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D992 | Acute toxicity potential |
| pyrovalerone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D985 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-dimethylaminobutyrophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1011 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-dimethylaminopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1006 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-ethylaminopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1005 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone HCl (α-PBP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D1012 | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D986b | Acute toxicity potential |
| α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D956 | Acute toxicity potential |
| β-keto-N-methyl-3,4-benzodioxyolylbutanamine HCl (bk-MBDB) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D948 | Acute toxicity potential |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Other substances | |||
| (-)-ephedrine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M924 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (-)-methylephedrine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M243 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+)-cathine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M297 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)- 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D842 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)- N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D792c | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-methamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D816e | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine HCl (MDEA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D739c | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D450a | Acute toxicity potential |
| (+/-)-phenylpropanolamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | M296 | Acute toxicity potential |
| (2S*,3R*)-2-methyl-3-[3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]glycidic acid methyl ester | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D903 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine HCl (mCPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D907 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine HCl (TFMPP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D906 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 1-benzylpiperazine HCl (BZP) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D905 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenylethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D922 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine HCl (DOM) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D470b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthio-phenylethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D919 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D749 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-bromo-4-methylpropiophenone | Synthesised in-house | n/a | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoroamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D946 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 2-fluoromethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D933 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D453b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D810b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D396b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D758b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoroamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D943b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluorococaine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D854b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-fluoromethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D934 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-hydroxyamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D824b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxyamphetamine HCl (PMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D756 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methoxymethamphetamine HCl (PMMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D908b | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylmethamphetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D963 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 4-methylpropiophenone | Sigma-Aldrich | 517925 | Acute toxicity potential |
| 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D954 | Acute toxicity potential |
| amphetamine sulphate | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D420d | Acute toxicity potential |
| cocaine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D747b | Acute toxicity potential |
| dimethamphetamine (DMA) | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D693d | Acute toxicity potential |
| gamma-hydroxy butyrate | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D812b | Acute toxicity potential |
| heroin HCl | LGC Standards | LGCFOR 0037.20 | Acute toxicity potential |
| ketamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D686b | Acute toxicity potential |
| methoxetamine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D989 | Acute toxicity potential |
| methylamine HCl | Sigma-Aldrich | M0505 | Acute toxicity potential |
| phencyclidine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D748 | Acute toxicity potential |
| phentermine HCl | Australian Government National Measurement Institute (NMI) | D781 | Acute toxicity potential |
| triethylamine | Sigma-Aldrich | T0886 | Acute toxicity, corrosive, flammable |
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Equipment | |||
| 12-well porcelain spot plates | HomeScienceTools | CE-SPOTP12 | |
| 96-well microplates | Greiner Bio-One | 650201 | |
| Hot plate | Industrial Equipment and Control Pty Ltd. | CH1920 (Scientrific) | |
| 100 mL glass volumetric flasks | Duran | 24 678 25 54 | |
| Soda lime glass Pasteur pipettes | Marienfeld-Superior | 3233050 | 230 mm length |
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Cite This Article
Philp, M., Shimmon, R., Tahtouh, M., Fu, S. Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones. J. Vis. Exp. (132), e57045, doi:10.3791/57045 (2018).