Summary

温缺血/再灌注损伤的大鼠肺移植模型:改善结局的优化

Published: October 28, 2021
doi:

Summary

在这里,我们提出了对大鼠肺移植模型的优化,以改善结果。我们提供基于体重的袖带尺寸指南、确定第 4 肋 间隙的测量策略以及伤口闭合和 BAL(支气管肺泡灌洗)液体和组织收集的方法。

Abstract

根据我们在大鼠肺移植方面的经验,我们发现有几个需要改进的领域。现有文献中关于为肺静脉 (PV)、肺动脉 (PA) 或支气管 (Br) 选择合适的袖带尺寸的方法的信息各不相同,因此在大鼠肺移植期间确定适当的袖带尺寸是一项反复试验。通过标准化袖带技术以使用适合血管或支气管大小的最小有效袖带,可以使移植过程更安全、更快、更成功。由于PV,PA和Br的直径与大鼠的体重有关,因此我们提出了一种使用基于重量的指南选择合适的尺寸的策略。由于肺容量也与体重有关,我们建议在为温暖缺血期间供体肺充气选择合适的空气量以及在支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)液体收集期间滴注适当体积的PBS时,也应考虑这种关系。我们还描述了第 4 间隙解剖、伤口闭合以及从天然和移植叶收集样本的方法。

Introduction

三十多年来,研究人员一直在修改和改进大鼠肺移植模型,以使生成的数据更加一致,更能反映实际临床状况。在我们实验室执行该模型的过程中,我们确定了四个改进领域:吻合的袖带技术,识别受体的第4肋间隙, 接受者手术过程中的肺充气和伤口闭合,以及收集样本进行分析。

吻合口的袖带技术修改可以通过缩短供体肺123456的处理时间并使显微外科医生的吻合手术更快技术上更容易来改善整个移植过程。虽然使用适当尺寸的袖带为移植肺提供必要的血液和气流至关重要,但关于如何为肺静脉 (PV)、肺动脉 (PA) 或支气管 (Br) 选择袖带尺寸的指导有限5,789由于PV,PA和Br的直径与供体和受体大鼠的体重有关,我们建议袖带尺寸基于体重。该报告根据大鼠的体重(180克至270克以上)提供了袖带的尺寸指南,用于优化移植肺的血液和空气供应(表1)。

虽然较新的显微外科医生可以在供体手术期间成功且轻松地获得供体肺,但在接受者的手术过程中移植肺更为复杂,并且取决于显微外科医生的经验。尝试找到第 4 个肋间隙以进入接受者的左肺是更困难的步骤之一,具有一定的主观性并可能增加手术时间。因此,我们介绍了一种简单客观的方法,通过胸部测量和心脏的心悸来辅助识别4肋间隙位置,以找到正确的胸壁区域来解剖45,6101112

我们还建议改善供体肺充气,这是器官损伤的潜在来源。供体肺放气,直到再灌注开始。在缝合第 4 个肋间隙时,供体肺通常通过将 PEEP 从 2 cmH 2 O 增加到 6 cmH2O 来充气。为了尽量减少过度充气造成的肺损伤,我们提出了一种技术,即在低于5肋的第4肋周围放置三个6-0尼龙缝合线,并带有简单的双结。当需要缝合伤口时,双手用止血器握住三条缝合线的末端,通过向两侧拉动伤口一次闭合,PEEP立即降低至2cmH2O。通过这种方式,允许肺在尽可能短的时间内扩张10

在实验结束时,研究人员通常希望从每次移植中收集多种类型的样本以进行多种类型的分析。例如,快速冷冻组织、福尔马林固定组织、用于确定肺水肿的干湿重量比的组织以及支气管软体灌洗液 (BAL) 都可用于评估移植进展。收集BAL液体的传统方法允许从受体的原生叶和供体的移植叶131415混合混合样本。为了克服这个问题,我们提出了一种夹住肺门区域的方法,该方法可以更精确地了解移植和天然肺的状况。此外,用于从肺部两侧收集BAL液的PBS体积很重要,因为BAL液含有许多可溶性因子,例如通过浓度测量的细胞因子和趋化因子。将输注的液体量与估计的肺活量恢复正常化有助于比较。右侧有四个裂片,左侧有一个裂片,大鼠的五个裂片中的每一个都有不同的体积和表面积16。根据Backer等人之前对肺叶体积测量的研究,在整个肺的总体积中,右叶的体积为63%(4400mm 3),左叶的体积为37%(2500mm3)。因此,我们建议用于收集BAL液体的PBS体积应计算为右肺潮气量(7.2mL/kg)乘以63%和左肺37%的两倍。通过使用这种方法,可以更好地控制体重和时间1016 等变量。

总之,在本报告中,我们将展示对大鼠肺移植标准实验模型的一些修改,这些修改可以使程序更有效,并提高从每个实验中生成更准确和更丰富的数据的能力。

Protocol

雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠(体重180-270克)被商业购买(例如,Envigo),并在俄亥俄州立大学动物设施的无病原体条件下饲养。所有程序均根据NIH和国家研究委员会的实验动物人道护理和使用指南进行人道执行,并经俄亥俄州立大学机构动物护理和使用委员会(IACUC协议#2012A00000135-R2)批准。 1. 初始设置 设置手术设备。注意:这是一项非生存性手术。如果要进行生存手术?…

Representative Results

为了测量肺水肿,计算湿与干重比。按照协议中的描述收集供体的原生叶,移植的叶和受体的天然叶,并立即称量湿重,在60°C干燥48小时,然后再次称量干重。湿重比增加提示肺水肿。我们的结果表明,与供体或受体的原生叶相比,移植叶的干湿重量比确实显着增加(p = 0.0050,n = 6 /组; 图 11)。 <table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.w…

Discussion

在本报告中,我们在大鼠肺移植方案中的几个关键步骤进行了干预,以优化程序。虽然已经报道了用于大鼠肺移植的各种袖带技术12345678915,但该过程仍然是主观的

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

没有。

Materials

12 Gauge angio-catheter BD 382277
14 Gauge angio-catheter B. Braun 4251717-02
16 Gauge angio-catheter B. Braun 4252586-02
18 Gauge angio-catheter B. Braun 4251679-02
20 Gauge angio-catheter B. Braun 4252527-02
4-0 silk suture Surgical Specialties Corp. SP116
6-0 nylon suture AD Surgical S-N618R13
7-0 nylon suture AD Surgical S-N718SP13
8-0 nylon suture AD Surgical XXS-N807T6
Betadine Spray Avrio Health L.P UPC 367618160039
Clippers VWR MSPP-023326
Castroviejo micro dissecting spring scissors Roboz Surgical Instrument Co RS-5668
Dumont #5 – Fine Forceps Fine Science Tools 11254-20
Electrocautery Macan MV-7A
Endotracheal intubation kit Kent Scientific ETI-MSE
Forceps Fine Science Tools 11027-12
Halsted-mosquito hemostat Roboz Surgical Instrument Co RS-7112
Heparin Fresnius Medical Care C504701
Insulin syringe Life Technologies B328446
Isoflurane Piramal Critical Care NDC 66794-017-25
Isopropyl Alcohol Swabs BD 326895
Ketamine Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC NDC 0413-9505-10
Dieffenbach Bulldog Clamp World Precision Instruments WPI14117
Needle holder/Forceps, Curved Micrins MI1542
Needle holder/Forceps, Straight Micrins MI1540
Perfadex Plus (Organ Preservation Solution) XVIVO Perfusion AB REF# 19950
PhysioSuite Kent Scientific PS-MSTAT-RT Used to check SpO2 and heartbeat
Retractor Roboz Surgical Instrument Co RS-6560
Saline PP Pharmaceuticals LLC NDC 63323-186-10
Scissors Fine Science Tools 14090-11
SomnoSuite Small Animal Anesthesia System Kent Scientific SS-MVG-Module
Sterile  Cotton Gauze Pad Fisherbrand 22-415-469
Surgical Microscope Leica M500-N w/ OHS
Syringe 5mL BD 309646
Vannas-Tubingen Spring Scissors Fine Science Tools 15008-08
Xylazine Korn Pharmaceuticals Corp NDC 59399-110-20
Yasargil Clamp Aesculap, Inc FT351T Used to clamp bronchus
Yasargil Clamp Aesculap, Inc FT261T Used to clamp hilum
Yasargil Clamp Applicator Aesculap, Inc FT484T

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Cite This Article
Lee, Y. G., Kim, J., Palmer, A. F., Reader, B. F., Ma, J., Black, S. M., Whitson, B. A. A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes. J. Vis. Exp. (176), e62445, doi:10.3791/62445 (2021).

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