Summary

视觉上性感的记录者史莱克 (拉尼乌斯·卢多维丘努斯) 使用羽毛着色和模式

Published: March 08, 2020
doi:

Summary

我们提出了一个协议,以描述基于第六原翼羽毛的着色和图案的记录器头shrike的性别。

Abstract

伐木动物是一种利用北美草原栖息地的性单态食虫鸟。根据繁殖鸟类调查数据,该物种自1960年代中期以来急剧下降。下降的原因尚不清楚,目前正在积极开展研究,以解决这种知识差距。这些努力因无法对手头的物种进行性别而受到阻碍,迄今为止,这些物种只能使用分子标记。在这里,我们通过直观地分析第六原羽的着色和图案,提出了一个性记录者shriks的协议。该方法的应用将促进我们比迄今更精细地识别威胁的能力,并解决各种生态和进化假设。该方法简单,结果可靠–我们鼓励包括这种方法,用于研究原位和原位种群。

Introduction

伐木者(拉尼乌斯·卢多维丘努斯)是北美的过路人,地理范围很广,包括北美大部分地区和通常可以称为草原1的各种栖息地。它是在北美仅有的两种”通道”物种之一。Shrikes 最出名的是独特的猛禽状的钞票,它允许它们捕食脊椎动物的猎物,以及他们在荆棘或其他尖锐物体上刺中食物的独特行为。伐木者是非洲大陆特有的”真什莱克”(家族拉尼达)中唯一的物种。繁殖超过40°N的Shrikes一般是义务移民1,2,3,越冬地几乎完全包括在非移民同地1,4。

北美繁殖鸟类调查数据5显示,在范围范围内,鸟类种群数量显著下降(3.18%, yr-1)。记录器头shrike是飞行的24个”普通鸟类在陡坡下降”的合作伙伴之一,即那些在过去40年中失去了超过50%的人口,但缺乏其他升高的脆弱性因素,将证明更高的”观察名单”地位6。由于继承和人类发展造成的栖息地丧失可能导致最初下降4、7,种群持续减少超过了繁殖季节的栖息地丧失,这表明了其他限制因素,特别是在该物种是义务移民4、8的地区。安大略省对极度濒危的沙头头虫种群进行种群生存能力分析结果表明,鸟类在生命第一年越冬成功是人口趋势的驱动力。研究结果表明,保护繁殖工作,增加野生种群,使该物种在9、10的灭绝。

理解性别差异是生态和进化假设的重要组成部分。流血的羽毛(拉尼乌斯卢多维丘斯)是性单色的,因此个人不能可靠地在手中进行性别。然而,根据一种适用于北方刺耳(拉尼乌斯幼崽)的方法11,12,它已被证明有可能性别至少一些成年伐木者尖叫使用着色模式在第六原翼羽毛13。我们修订了这种方法13,以包括考虑第二个变量,特别是在第六次初级阶段,即色素沉着程度,它允许在东部人口大多数个体中可靠地识别性别,并测试了其应用(以前只适用于成年鸟类)对年幼年幼鸟的影响。该方法不需要专门的设备或昂贵的实验室测定,也不需要测量,而测量时会受到观察者的偏见。根据我们的结果,该方法很容易学习,一旦掌握了,就非常精确。在这里,我们提供了详细的说明,如何性刺在手使用我们的方法,并讨论包括性别评估在未来研究和保护努力这个独特和神秘的物种的保护关注的更广泛的影响。

Protocol

此处介绍的研究协议符合非洲狮子野生动物园的动物护理委员会指南。 1. 第六小学羽翼羽毛的彩色和Patern的性感记录者Shrikes 注:根据第六根翼羽(P6)中的着色和图案,可以用手进行色变。简而言之,该技术要求观察者在视觉上沿着主翼隐蔽层的下边缘外出一条线,然后评估棕色在拉奇(轴)中通过主要密体下方可见的羽毛的白色部分延伸多远。 <l…

Representative Results

男性和女性的羽毛,总体而言,在伐木的刺骨中是单态的。然而,已经确定,性别可以根据性别模式,在第六初选发生在大陆加州13和北部shrike12。我们测试了Sustaita等人(2014年)协议13,以确定它是否适用于东北的伐木者人群和较年轻的年龄组。我们开发了协议的修改版本,目的是开发一种准确且易于使用的?…

Discussion

在这里,我们描述了一种简单而有效的方法,即只能根据视觉线索进行记录器shrike的进行性别化,并给出对该方法准确性的评估。我们的简单方法易于快速实施,结果表明,高精度率会随着少量培训而增加。我们的结果支持了以前的工作13,表明最初开发的方法,用于北部shrike12有效用,在性别成人伐木者尖叫在大陆加利福尼亚州。我们扩展了这项研究,以证明…

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

加拿大环境部加拿大野生动物管理局、加拿大环境部在环境研究基金、濒危物种中基因组学战略技术应用等为开发我们方法的实地工作提供资金恢复基金、部门间恢复基金、自然科学和工程研究理事会以及安大略省培训、学院和大学部(A.A.C.奖学金)、皇后大学(邓肯和乌尔拉·卡迈克尔奖学金A.A.C.)和野生动物保护加拿大。我们要感谢编辑和四位匿名评论员的评论,这大大改善了这份手稿。感谢野生动物保护加拿大的工作人员和北美伐木工人Shrike工作组的成员的讨论,协助开发这种方法。我们感谢安大略省剑桥非洲狮子野生动物园的所有公民科学家和工作人员协助完成调查。我们特别感谢非洲狮子野生动物园营销和公关协调员艾琳·西尔斯(Erin Sills)在制作在线调查和总结结果方面给予的帮助。

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Citazione di questo articolo
Morgan, G., Chabot, A. A. Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern. J. Vis. Exp. (157), e59713, doi:10.3791/59713 (2020).

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