Summary

高速视频显微镜分析在原发性睫状体运动障碍一线诊断中的应用

Published: January 19, 2022
doi:

Summary

高速视频显微镜分析是一种相对容易执行、快速、经济高效,而且在有经验的人手中,它是原发性睫状体运动障碍一线诊断的相当可靠的工具,每个参与诊断和治疗严重肺部疾病的中心都应该提供这种工具。

Abstract

原发性睫状体运动障碍(PCD)是一种先天性疾病,主要遗传于常染色体隐性遗传性状。该疾病导致纤毛运动紊乱,导致黏膜纤毛清除率(MCC)的严重损害。如果未确诊或诊断得太晚,该病症会导致支气管扩张症的发展,并在以后的生活中对肺部造成严重损害。大多数诊断PCD的方法都很耗时,需要大量的经济资源来建立它们。高速视频显微镜分析 (HSVMA) 是 体外可视化和分析纤毛跳动的活呼吸道细胞的唯一诊断工具。它快速,经济高效,并且在经验丰富的手中,作为PCD的诊断工具非常可靠。此外,由于不存在形态学变化,透射电子显微镜(TEM)等经典诊断措施不适用于某些突变。

本文介绍了收集呼吸道上皮细胞的过程,标本的进一步制备以及HSVMA的过程。我们还描述了如何在诊所不具备执行HSVMA的设备的情况下,通过将刷毛细胞保存在滋养介质中以储存并运输到调查地点,从而成功地保持不受伤害和跳动。还显示了来自动力蛋白臂重链11基因(DNAH11)突变的患者的病理性跳动模式的视频,该基因不能被诊断为TEM;由于上气道感染导致的 HSVMA 不确定的结果,以及刷牙与红细胞叠加不成功。通过本文,我们希望鼓励每个处理肺病患者和罕见肺部疾病的单位进行HSVMA,作为其PCD日常常规诊断的一部分,或将标本送到专门从事HSVMA的中心。

Introduction

原发性纤毛运动障碍(PCD)是一种罕见的遗传性遗传性疾病,可引起跳动纤毛运动的紊乱。如果未确诊,由于MCC的严重损害,它会导致晚年严重的肺损伤。过去,其患病率估计在1:4,000至50,000之间。由于诊断方法的稳步改善和对该病症的认识不断提高,关于PCD患病率的最新情况表明,它可能更为常见,可能在1:4,000至20,000的范围内,而不是12。然而,PCD患者仍然被低估或诊断得太晚13。因此,应怀疑患有先天性坐姿与异型或围产期鼻漏、新生儿呼吸窘迫、鼻塞和喂养困难的婴儿。在晚年,慢性中耳炎、复发性肺炎、鼻-鼻窦炎和由 MCC 受损引起的慢性典型湿性咳嗽是 PCD 的标志性症状,与支气管扩张症和肺功能受损相结合,持续到成年期2.

怀疑患有PCD的患者可以通过使用不同的诊断工具进行诊断。过去,TEM被认为是一线诊断的黄金标准。然而,高达30%的PCD病例没有显示异常的超微结构13456,需要不同的诊断方法。因此,越来越多的中心和欧洲呼吸学会 (ERS) 指南建议将鼻一氧化氮 (nNO) 和 HSVMA 联合作为一线诊断方法 17910。HSVMA 和 nNO 也是识别 PCD11 患者的最具成本效益的选择。然而,即使基因检测包含在诊断中,也必须记住,目前没有独立的检测或组合检测可以100%确定性排除PCD8910

在现有的诊断选项中,HSVMA 是唯一一种专注于活的纤毛包被呼吸道细胞并评估纤毛搏动模式 (CBP) 和纤毛搏动频率 (CBF) 的检查。与TEM相反,HSVMA的结果通常通常在测试当天快速获得,而TEM的结果可能在标本采集后数月到达。HSVMA可以适用于所有年龄组,而nNO要求高度合规;5岁以下尝试使用它通常不成功10.在有经验的人手中,HSVMA具有出色的敏感性和特异性,可分别诊断PCD 100%和96%,12

本文描述了执行HSVMA的分步程序,包括从鼻子的下鼻甲中收获纤毛包被的呼吸道细胞,将收获的细胞保存在细胞滋养培养基中以运输到研究部位,以及微观视频分析以确定CBF和CBP的过程。此外,还显示了一些来自患者的视频剪辑,将正常的CBP和CBF与异常纤毛功能(视频3视频4视频5视频6视频7视频8)进行比较。

Protocol

道德声明: 这项研究得到了当地伦理委员会(69/2017)的批准,并按照赫尔辛基宣言进行。 1. 呼吸道上皮细胞的收集和运输 刷牙 刷牙前,给患者口服阿莫西林-克拉维酸两周疗程,以根除干扰纤毛功能的生物膜。确保在手术前2天终止抗生素。 为了减少刷洗上皮细胞条上的粘液物质覆盖,请患者彻底擤鼻涕。请父母帮助?…

Representative Results

视频 1 和 视频 2 显示了 CBF 和 CBP 处于正常范围的正常控制(参见 图 1)。 视频3, 视频4, 视频5和 视频6 代表了两例PCD患者在 DNAH11 基因中纯合突变(c.2341G>A; p. Glu781Lys)3。之所以选择这些具有代表性的视频,是因为 DNAH11 基因突变的表型值得注意,因?…

Discussion

在这里,根据一线诊断来描述和使用HSVMA的PCD的诊断过程。尽管HSVMA相对容易建立,成本效益11,并且在有经验的手中是一种可靠的方法12,但HSVMA并不是一种没有陷阱的诊断措施。异常CBF和CBP可能是由于继发感染,导致支气管 – 呼吸道上皮炎症15,并且出于同样的原因,吸烟个体可能有异常的心跳频率16

Divulgazioni

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们要特别感谢儿科护士Johanna Juvankoski女士在刷牙方面的出色帮助。我们还要特别感谢Heymut Omran教授(UKM明斯特大学诊所)允许使用其网站上的正常睫状运动示意图。最后,我们要感谢PGCE的Alan Brown BA(Hons)先生校对手稿。

Materials

Amoxiciline-clavulanic acid Orion Oyj 40 mg/kg divided in 2 doses/day, for adults 875/125 mg 1 tablet x2/day
Camera Software Hamamatsu HCI Image
Cold pack any for preservation and transport
Differential interference microscope Carl Zeiss Inverted, cell observer microscope
Digitial High Speed Video Camera Hamamatsu Orca Flash 4.0, digital camera type C11440
Dulbecco´s Modified Eagle Medium Thermo Fisher 10565018 basal cell culture medium
Eppendorf tube Eppendorf 30120086 1.5 mL tube
Glass-bottom microwell dish MatTek P35G-1.5-14-C cuvette for microscopy
Heating Unit Carl Zeiss/PeCon 810-450001 Carl Zeiss incubation elements with PeCon TempModule S1 temperature control
Interdental brush 0.6 mm Doft 872267 Interdental brush on a long wire with a reusable handle and cap in zipbag
Objective Carl Zeiss 100x/1.46, α Plan-Apochromat DIC objective
Small polystyrene box with lid any for transport

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Citazione di questo articolo
Schultz, R., Peromaa, T., Lukkarinen, H., Elenius, V. High-speed Video Microscopy Analysis for First-line Diagnosis of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. J. Vis. Exp. (179), e63292, doi:10.3791/63292 (2022).

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