推挽议定书蜜蜂会影响家禽的殖民化巢箱
Summary
侵入非洲化蜜蜂防止燕窝盒定植是鸟巢现场有限的鸟类保护工作的重要。我们提供了一个综合虫害管理办法“推”蜜蜂远离巢箱用防护剂杀虫剂，氯菊酯，和“拉”他们走向性信息素诱捕陷阱群。
Abstract
Introduction of the invasive Africanized honey bee (AHB) into the Neotropics is a serious problem for many cavity nesting birds, specifically parrots. These bees select cavities that are suitable nest sites for birds, resulting in competition. The difficulty of removing bees and their defensive behavior makes a prevention protocol necessary. Here, we describe a push-pull integrated pest management protocol to deter bees from inhabiting bird boxes by applying a bird safe insecticide, permethrin, to repel bees from nest boxes, while simultaneously attracting them to pheromone-baited swarm traps. Shown here is an example experiment using Barn Owl nest boxes. This protocol successfully reduced colonization of Barn Owl nest boxes by Africanized honey bees. This protocol is flexible, allowing adjustments to accommodate a wide range of bird species and habitats. This protocol could benefit conservation efforts where AHB are located.
Introduction
由于意外引入二十多个非洲蜜蜂皇后到巴西圣保罗，1957年1，这些昆虫已遍布南美洲，中美洲和成美国南部，盗用和更换较少很好地适应欧洲蜜蜂（ EHB）的野生种群。这些混合非洲化蜜蜂（AHB）有把他们与两个人类和野生动物冲突的特征。他们表现出高度的防御行为，繁殖速度非常快，并且是在哪里，他们营造一个家1,2选择性较差。
虽然巢箱已经长期用于通过鸟类由空腔筑巢的鸟类3,4-以提高养殖，它们的使用已被证明是用于增强在热带5,6威胁和濒危鹦鹉的繁殖特别有效。不幸的是，非洲化蜜蜂往往选择这些相同的巢箱 – 有时甚至杀害乘员秒。此外，这些AHB会对生物学家显著的威胁时，他们正在进行研究的巢。在AHB已经建立南美地区，一些鹦鹉保护项目已经看到AHB 7-10占领了他们的人工巢箱。比赛巢箱与蜜蜂很普遍，而且不仅限于鹦鹉。无论是在新的和旧世界其他许多鸟类都受到影响11-15。如果没有努力减轻这些侵入AHB的威胁，近期鹦鹉保护的成功可能会丢失。
从蜜蜂的竞争管理的现行做法包括繁殖季节8，或化学品到产蛋箱15外侧的申请后，立即重复使用，高剂量的氯菊酯7，手动删除蜂拥而来，成交巢入口的。劳动参与和危险生物学家使这些战略不理想。一个preventio发展N协议是必要的。
蜜蜂菌落通过称为蜂拥，当老女王叶工蜂16达四分之三菌落的方法繁殖。非洲化蜜蜂“高繁殖率使他们更频繁地一窝蜂超过EHB（每年四到八倍）（谁蜂拥而上一次或每年两次）17。此外，AHB全年可，而不是在特定的季节一样蜂拥而上EHB。因此，AHB可以迅速占据最合适的筑巢地点在一个特定的区域。
可以利用蜜蜂找房子的行为来影响他们的选择巢址的。蜜蜂在群一小部分飞了出去，找到并检查新的潜在筑巢地点。几个潜在的筑巢地点都为球探同时。这些侦察蜜蜂返回到群和执行舞蹈指示位点的位置。越强的舞蹈是一个网站，更快的上海合作组织的数量UT蜜蜂在该网站18积聚。因此，蜜蜂更优质的网站跳舞更强，相比于那些平庸或很差的网站。一旦达到法定人数阈值时，群起飞，飞往新选定的主站点18。
亚致死剂量接触杀虫剂氯菊酯的阻碍球探蜜蜂来定位，并降低其活性水平19,20的能力。在第一次内部巢箱菊酯的应用，应当防护剂侦察蜂21，和加班，化学降解，其包装盒的评估过程中暴露于氯菊酯侦察蜜蜂，应该呈现不太能够进行强有力的招聘舞蹈，减少的金额童军招募蜜蜂的网站。一个更适合的（理想腔容积，小入口位于底部孔，信息素引诱）备用巢址是在蜜蜂陷阱盒的形式提供。这个优秀的陷阱网站应达到法定人数快比杀虫剂处理过的那只箱子领先群选择在鸟箱陷阱框。
作为一个例子，我们描述了一个实验通过AHB在南佛罗里达州蔗田减少谷仓猫头鹰人工巢箱定植。我们的目标是测试使用推拉方法，将来自与杀虫剂处理过的猫头鹰盒子“推”离蜜蜂和“拉”他们走向性信息素诱捕陷阱群的有效性。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
作为一个非常成功的入侵害虫17，AHB构成了整个范围腔筑巢的鸟类的主要竞争对手。这里介绍的协议，旨在通过AHB减少燕窝盒定植率。这种设计的主要组成部分包括：1）使用防护剂和鸟类安全的杀虫剂，氯菊酯的; 2）备用筑巢蜜蜂的规定; 3）使用内部的陷阱箱引诱信息素。选择一个新的巢址18时，蜜蜂通常把“正确”的决定。制作陷阱盒比鸟巢箱的吸引力将增加选择了前者存在的?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Our study was conducted with the permission of United States Sugar Corporation. We want to thank R. Raid, S. Raid and T. Lang for their assistant. We also M. Stanback and three anonymous reviewers for suggestions that improved this manuscript.
Materials
| Citral (ACROS Organics) | Fisher Scientific | AC11044-1000 | |
| Geraniol (ACROS Organics) | Fisher Scientific | AC41090-1000 | |
| PermaCap CS | BASF | controlled release permethrin |
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